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Carpathian language: Difference between revisions
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The Carpathian language preserves the archaic Proto-Indo-European distinction between athematic and thematic, but athematic verbs were gradually reduced in number. The primary first-person singular endings, athematic ''*-mi'' and thematic ''*-oh₂'', were kept distinct, giving Carpathian subject conjugation ''-mi'' and ''-ū'' respectively. The Proto-Carpathian second-person thematic ending ''*-ēi'' was altered by its athematic counterpart, becoming ''-sei'' in modern Carpathian. | The Carpathian language preserves the archaic Proto-Indo-European distinction between athematic and thematic, but athematic verbs were gradually reduced in number. The primary first-person singular endings, athematic ''*-mi'' and thematic ''*-oh₂'', were kept distinct, giving Carpathian subject conjugation ''-mi'' and ''-ū'' respectively. The Proto-Carpathian second-person thematic ending ''*-ēi'' was altered by its athematic counterpart, becoming ''-sei'' in modern Carpathian. | ||
In terms of grammatical tense, it is more accurate to speak of an aspectual distinction in Carpathian, although its aspects overlap with a more common use of tense in other European languages. The Carpathian aspectual system includes present or [[ | In terms of grammatical tense, it is more accurate to speak of an aspectual distinction in Carpathian, although its aspects overlap with a more common use of tense in other European languages. The Carpathian aspectual system includes present or [[w:Imperfective aspect|imperfective]], [[w:Aorist|aorist]], [[w:Imperfect|imperfect]], [[w:Perfect (grammar)|perfect]] and [[w:Future tense|future]]. Although still present, the stative is no longer a separate productive category, becoming instead a subclass of verbs. There are three moods: [[w:Realis mood|indicative]], [[w:Optative mood|optative]] and [[w:Subjunctive mood|subjunctive]] with optative replacing or mixing with old [[w:Imperative mood|imperative]] in the standard as well as in most dialects. | ||
Unlike many European languages, Carpathian lacks [[w:Passive voice|passive]] voice in finite verbs, but it preserves passive participles, reanalysed as inactive or [[w:Stative verb|stative]]. The [[w:Infinitive|infinitive]] is formed by the addition of the suffix ''-tei'', which likely arose as a participle in the dative case. The [[ | Unlike many European languages, Carpathian lacks [[w:Passive voice|passive]] voice in finite verbs, but it preserves passive participles, reanalysed as inactive or [[w:Stative verb|stative]]. The [[w:Infinitive|infinitive]] is formed by the addition of the suffix ''-tei'', which likely arose as a participle in the dative case. The [[w:Supine|supine]] is formed by the addition of the suffix ''-tun'', which might have the same origin, as the infinitive, but as the accusative case instead. Both forms are unconjugated and usually used with finite verbs to indicate a specific occasion, goal or purpose, which is also true for participles. They can also be used independently as a main element of a subordinate clause. | ||
Finite transitive verbs take more than one personal suffix to mark both the subject and the direct object of a clause. Some verbs additionally take the indirect object prefix (also called the recipient). This is called [[w:Polypersonal agreement|polypersonal agreement]], and it is rare among the Indo-European languages. | Finite transitive verbs take more than one personal suffix to mark both the subject and the direct object of a clause. Some verbs additionally take the indirect object prefix (also called the recipient). This is called [[w:Polypersonal agreement|polypersonal agreement]], and it is rare among the Indo-European languages. | ||