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==Etymology== | |||
The name "Annerish" is derived simply from a combination of the endonym ''[[Contionary:Annr#Anrish|Annr]]'', whose origin is disputed, + -ish in English. Similarly, the native term for "the Anneries" - ''ın Annray'' derives from a compound with Old Norse [[:wikt:ey#Old_Norse|ey]], translating to "the Annerish islands". | The name "Annerish" is derived simply from a combination of the endonym ''[[Contionary:Annr#Anrish|Annr]]'', whose origin is disputed, + -ish in English. Similarly, the native term for "the Anneries" - ''ın Annray'' derives from a compound with Old Norse [[:wikt:ey#Old_Norse|ey]], translating to "the Annerish islands".<br> | ||
A leading native theory connects the ethnonym with a goddess mentioned as the matron of the [[w:Iceni|Eıchenna]], whose queen was [[w:Boudica|Búaıdech]] (<small>''Mid. A.''</small>: ''Buídech''), in the "Gospel of Evynn" (''Lebor Ebuınne'') – [[w:Andarta|Annarth]]. Still, many scholars consider the text itself failing to point out a connection as deffinitive proof against this theory. Instead, the native theonym ''{{cd|Aınnr}}'' is regarded as the true origin of ''Annr''.<br> Bernthaler (1907), the main foreign resource on the Annerish, supports both propositions and argues that the dental ending in the dative (''Aınnrte'') must trace back to the former theonym, but the root itself is one and the same as [[:wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/anderā|*anderā]]. | |||
===Orthography=== | |||
====Latin==== | |||
The Latin alphabet was introduced by the Irish Christians during the early 7th century. Another major factor in the Romanization of Anrish was the later advent of the printing press, created exclusively for Latin-based writing systems. | |||
====Runic==== | |||
The Runic alphabet was reintroduced by the Viking migrants in the Middle ages. | |||
==History== | ==History== | ||
It is hypothesised that the Annerish people are either one and the same with, or a subgroup of the [[:w:Belgae|Balgae]] who migrated from the Gallo-Germanic confederation to | It is hypothesised that the Annerish people are either one and the same with, or a subgroup of the [[:w:Belgae|Balgae]] who migrated from the Gallo-Germanic confederation to southern Britain and later fled to Ireland at the wake of [[w:Roman conquest of Britain|the Roman conquest]]. Many characteristic features of [[:w:Common_Brittonic|Brythonic]] and Goidelic languages are shared with the Annerish language, which had previously been regarded as Celtic. True classification has also been obscured by the crucial lack of [[:w:Verner%27s_law|Verner's law]], along with sweeping sound changes by analogy with the mutation strategies of the dominant languages that reverse some of the effects of [[:w:Grimm%27s_law|Grimm's law]], though notably not in reflexes of *hw- and *þw- initials. | ||
A list of the most important changes will be given below (in approximate order): | A list of the most important changes will be given below (in approximate order): | ||
*wu> *ū. This must have been a feature of the Proto-Germanic dialect of the Annerish people before influences from Brittonic, where *ū> ȳ, and also precedes *kw> p (*kwuruz> *kūrj-> ''cuír'', not **puír) | *wu> *ū. This must have been a feature of the Proto-Germanic dialect of the Annerish people before influences from Brittonic, where *ū> ȳ, and also precedes *kw> p (*kwuruz> *kūrj-> ''cuír'', not **puír.) | ||
*ē<sub>2</sub>> ī (*ē<sub>2</sub>hiraz> ''íochr'' - maple) | *ē<sub>2</sub>> ī (*ē<sub>2</sub>hiraz> ''íochr'' - maple) | ||
Monophthongization of PG diphthongs: | Monophthongization of PG diphthongs: | ||
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==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
'''Syllable Structure:''' (C)({{IPA|r}})V(C)<sup>2</sup> | '''Syllable Structure:''' (C)({{IPA|r}})V(C)<sup>2</sup> | ||
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*V = Vowel | *V = Vowel | ||
#An epenthetic short vowel must occur between {{IPA|/r/}} and a following labial in the coda. | #An epenthetic short vowel must occur between {{IPA|/r/}} and a following labial in the coda. | ||
=== | ====Stress==== | ||
== | |||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
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===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Verbal morphology is the most complex subject of Annerish grammar; despite the relative paucity of conjugated forms, categorising paradigms has proven difficult. Native scholarship, namely the Bésgnae Béırle, have used a minimal numbering system based on the present stem: in the I<sup>st</sup> conjugation it ends with a broad consonant, in the II<sup>nd</sup> with a slender, in the III<sup>rd</sup> with a nasal | Verbal morphology is the most complex subject of Annerish grammar; despite the relative paucity of conjugated forms, categorising paradigms has proven difficult. Native scholarship, namely the Bésgnae Béırle, have used a minimal numbering system based on the present stem: in the I<sup>st</sup> conjugation it ends with a broad consonant, in the II<sup>nd</sup> with a slender, in the III<sup>rd</sup> with a nasal that is dropped in the other stems, and in the IV<sup>th</sup> there is no closing consonant. Bernthaler (1907) proposes a weak—strong classification similar to German, however, the relationship between all six crucial stems and their formation more closely resembles that of Old Irish. This article largely follows Teagan et al. (2003). | ||
====Verbal Noun==== | |||
Every verb is lemmatised as a '''verbal noun''' which forms the periphrastic present. Derivational strategies have varied wildly, though most verbal nouns resemble the independent form of the "present" (''see below for ᴛᴍᴀ''.) [[w:Pluractionality|Verbal number]] can be expressed by declining some verbal nouns for number, though most are lexically fixed as either singular or collective only. | |||
====Preverb==== | ====Preverb==== | ||
A preverb can fuse with all stems in their dependent forms, also known as the ''prototonic'' or ''augmented'', including the verbal noun. Valency cannot be inferred from the presence of such augmentation, however. While transitivity is formally marked by a preverb and its absence otherwise, this nearly rigid system is a relatively recent development. Simplex bivalent verbs still see use in the Middle period, especially in sacred poetry and prose. A group of frequent, semantically transitive but formally stative verbs has evoked the term ''deponency'' in academic literature, with the concession that this cannot be considered a proper category in morphological classification. | |||
The preverb is an essential component of transitive verbs since it "conjugates" for direct object pronouns. While they appear similar to prepositions, preverbs have somewhat different forms and are lexically bound to each verb instead of carrying their individual meaning. Whenever the direct object is a definite noun, marking for its gender and/or number is optional and fairly common in later, colloquial language. Otherwise every preverb has a default form (sometimes referred to as 'deutorotonic') which is mandatory in an absolute construction. Here is an exhaustive list of preverbs and their pronominal forms in Middle Annerish: | The preverb is an essential component of transitive verbs since it "conjugates" for direct object pronouns. While they appear similar to prepositions, preverbs have somewhat different forms and are lexically bound to each verb instead of carrying their individual meaning. Whenever the direct object is a definite noun, marking for its gender and/or number is optional and fairly common in later, colloquial language. Otherwise every preverb has a default form (sometimes referred to as 'deutorotonic') which is mandatory in an absolute construction. Here is an exhaustive list of preverbs and their pronominal forms in Middle Annerish: | ||
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| tras<sup>ʟ</sup> | | tras<sup>ʟ</sup> | ||
|} | |} | ||
Aside from the verbal noun, there are four more stems to each verb, along with the imperative which takes after either the present or irrealis, if not suppletive. | Aside from the verbal noun, there are four more stems to each verb, along with the imperative which takes after either the present or irrealis, if not suppletive. | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||