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Aydın Baykara

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|oş|| no|||||| os|| beside||
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== PRONOUNS ==
Pronouns consist of one and three letters (V, VCV).  The personal pronouns are “a, o, u, e, ö, ü”. All other pronouns have VCV where first vowel is always “i” with which they would be recognizable and differ from adjectives and adverbs.
{|
!Personal|| Pronoun(pp)||  ||||Possessive|| Pronouns||
|-
||| |||||| '''iz.V*(pp)'''||(pp).own||
|-
|a|| I|| |||| iza|| mine||
|-
|o|| you|| |||| izo|| yours||
|-
|u|| she, he, it|| ||||izu||her, his, its||
|-
|e|| we|| |||| ize||ours||
|-
|ö|| you|| |||| izö|| yours||
|-
|ü|| they|| |||| izü||theirs||
|-
|(i)|| (own)||
|}
{|
!Demonstr.|| |||| Pronouns|| ||Relative|| Pronouns||Nonperson|| Pronouns
|-
|'''is.V*'''|| || ||'''ip.V*'''||    || '''it.V*'''|| ||'''iş.V*'''||  ||
|-
|isa|| this||||ipa|| this (one)|| ita|| what|| işa|| more||
|-
|iso|| that||||ipo|| that (one)|| ito|| how|| işe|| most||
|-
|isu|| that||||ipu|| other|| ite|| why|| işi-x|| many-few||
|-
|ise|| these||||ipe|| here|| ito,iton,itoç|| where,to-,from-||işo-x||some-any||
|-
|isö|| those||||ipö|| that (place name)||itö||when||işö||each ||
|-
|isü|| those||||ipü|| there|| itu|| who|| işu|| ones||
|-
| || || || |||| itü|| which|| işü|| all||
|-
||| || || |||| ite (adj.)|| how (many, old, etc.)|| işı|| either||
|-
||| || || |||| ita.pis||how much||
|}
'''Relat. Pronouns as Subordinate Conjunction'''.  em......  which/that/who
== PLURAL, NEGATION AND QUESTIONS ==
Plural will be indicated by the suffix “_i”. To create a fluid link from the preceding end vowel of the noun in the suffix-vowel “i” in speech, a very small /y/ can be added in-between without stopping the airflow between words.
Negation of the act is done by adding suffix “_x” at the end of the conjugated verb. With “_x” as suffix, ABCL constructs also antonym for adjectives, adverbs and conjunctives/prepositions where appropriate. “X” is also used for the number “zero”. If the suffix “_x” follows a consonant a “short-soundless “ı” (like “ion-loud” in “station”) or the preceding vowel will be repeated shortly before “x” for vowel harmony.
Questions will be indicated by the letter “J”, in case of the pronouns as prefix and in case of the nouns as partical before subject noun, spoken with a “short-soundless “ı” sound (like “ion-loud” in “station” (explained before)). It can also be built vocal harmony with the first syllables of the following noun which will be however omitted in writing.
Example: J.a yüsa? (Shall I swim?);
J (Jɯ or Je) şenbe b.yüs.e? (Can fish swim?)
== TENSES, ASPECTS and IRREALIS ==
=== TENSES and ASPECTS ===
Verbs are conjugated for  five tempus “future, simple present, present continuous, simple past (Past 1=P1) and imperfect/durational past/history” (Past 2=P2) , with the corresponding vocals “a, e, i, o/ö, u/ü” placed after verbs as suffix. (u/ü and o/ö can be interchanged for the vocal harmony) If a verb phrase has more than four letters, it will end up on a consonant not vowel, in order to prevent a mix up with root nouns.
{|
!Tenses|| ||Suffix|| || Examples ABCL|| ||English
|-
|Future|||| _a|||| yal.a||||will go
|-
|Simple present|||| _e|||| yal.e.x||||doesn’t go
|-
|Present continuous|||| _i|||| koy.i.n.x /koy.n.i.x||||is not painted
|-
|Simple past (P1)|||| _o/ö|||| dul.o.t||||(I) boiled
|-
|Durational past(P2)||||_u/ü|||| koy.u.n||||had been painted (in a week)
|}
Past 1 includes all verbs indicating a completed/finished action, independently how many time it had occurred in the past and happened recently or long time ago.
Past 2 includes all verbs inheriting a continuity. It doesn’t make a difference whether the effect of the act is still relevant at the presence or it happened before any relative time point. It matters only that it has a duration in the past. Also here it is not relevant whether it happened recently or long time ago.
Since the primary goal of ABCL is the simplicity, I tried to simplify various aspects used in many languages as far as possible without omitting any useful/necessary aspect utilized in spoken languages at different ways. Normally none of the aspects itself express the speaker’s intention alone. To overcome this he needs additionally different auxiliary particles, especially temporal adverbs. As a matter of fact, a language missing one “useful” aspect of another language, is still able to express the same content by utilizing these auxiliaries. With other words, it is possible for people to express themself also by other means, without the help of a big range of the aspects.
ABCL has none of the complicated aspects requiring the usage of auxiliaries, root modification of the  verbs and suffixes such as in Germanic languages (progressive, perfect, past perfect, progressive perfect, past perfect progressive, future perfect progressive, conditional perfect progressive) nor in other languages (habitual,  recent/far past, simultaneous, gnomic/generic etc.) All those aspects such as the frequency of occurrence and timely relation (recently, long time ago) will be expressed by the temporal adverbs and numbers where and if required.
I considered e.g. the present perfect tense not necessary because whether or not a past event extends its affect in the presence, has no or very limited relevance for expressing the intent of the speaker. If it would be really necessary he can describe it by the auxiliary means. In fact, the differentiating of simple past and present perfect, as a relic of past, disappear slowly as seen in spoken German language.
The duration of an act in the past could not be easily described by adverbs and other means or by the inherit sense of the verb itself. Therefore and because it could be important in many situations, I introduced Past 2 in order to cover such aspects. Historical events are naturally events of hearsay, which could not have been witnessed by the speaker. So transferred events will be also covered in ABCL with the Past 2 with or without duration of the event. Again, the adverbial auxiliaries can help also here in cases of uncertainty.
Future progressive, perfect and perfect progressive aspects could not easily be replaced by auxiliaries also. There I introduced for these cases as modal the verb “to be” which is named “bab” in ABCL. Its future tense “bab.a” serves for future followed by the aspect which is indicating the presence or past of the conjugated main event.
 
Below, some examples for the cases explained above for the tenses and aspects used in English and their equivalent in ABCL:
'''Aspects of the English present tense and their counterpart in ABCL:'''
{|border=1
|Present simple ||||   "I eat"|||| A dek.e
|-
|Present progressive || || "I am eating" |||| A dek.i
|-
|Present perfect || || "I have eaten"|||| A dek.ö
|-
|Present perfect progressive || || "I have been eating"||||  A dek.ü
|-
|I have been eating last year often outside.|||| (This year I eat at home)||||  A dek.ü mü camba öşa oye.
|}
'''Aspects of the English past tense (and in brackets, how it is expressed in ABCL reverse translation with the help of auxiliaries):'''
{|
|Past simple |||| "I ate" (once) (often)|||| A dek.ö (üçu) (öşa)
|-
|I used to eat|||| (I ate habitually)  ||||   A dek.ö (oli)
|-
|Past progressive |||| "I was eating" (for a while)  (sweets)|||| A dek.ü ülü (densö)
|-
|Past perfect|||| "I had eaten" (already) (as you have arrived)|||| A dek.ö öçi…
|-
|Past perfect progressive|||| "I had been eating"|||| A dek.ü
|-
|I had been eating always outdoor,|||| (after 2018 I have cooked at home)||||  A dek.ü öçi oye, ….
|}
'''Aspects of the future tense:'''
{|
|Simple future: "I will eat"|||| A dek.a
|-
|Future progressive: "I will be eating" tomorrow at time of your arrival.|||| A bab.a dek.i üçe …
|-
|Future perfect: "I will have eaten" tomorrow at time of your arrival.||||  A bab.a dek.ö üçe …
|-
|Future perfect progressive:  "I will have been eating"|||| A bab.a dek.ü üçe...
|}
'''Subjunctives of future:'''
For future, would and should are used to combine future or hypothetical-counterfactual reference with aspectual meaning:
{|
|Simple conditional: "I would eat" (if...)|||| A dek.a.ç
|-
|Future conditional progressive: "I would be eating"|||| A bab.a dek.i.ç
|-
|Future conditional perfect: "I would have eaten"|||| A bab.a dek.ö.ç
|-
|Future conditional perfect progressive: "I would have been eating"|||| A bab.a dek.ü.ç (üçe…)
|}
=== IRREALIS in ABCL ===
'''ABCL considers two main irrealis''':
1. Event is hypothetical, but possible, expressing: dependency, emotion, hopes, expectation, wish, desire, possibility, probability, likelihood, uncertainty, doubt, dubiousness, judgment, opinion, obligation, inferential (hearsay), not confirmed, necessity, imploring, asking, guessing, requiring, encouraging or action that has not yet occurred (present subjunctive)
2. Event (counterfactual) cannot occur anymore because the prior dependency, necessity  and condition set in the past, had not been fulfilled. Also an event cannot be realized in future  because the required condition for its realization could not be met.
Irrealis are expressed in various world languages by modal verbs in past tense (as would, should, might), by modification of verb stem, by adjectives, by conjunctives (if, that), by suitable verbs in subordinate clauses, by special particles and by suffixes to the verbs or by combinations of that.
Item 1 events will be expressed in real tenses of ABCL without the usage of any suffix, subjunctive modal and modification of the verb stem but with suitable adverbs, conjunction (mainly “am”=”that”in English), verbs in subordinate clauses and special particles. Irrealis/subjunctivity will be ensured by the suitable choice of these words.
'''Examples for Item 1:'''
{|
|If I could (have) slept )||if a bdar.o …
|-
|'''''If-clauses (conditional present):'''''
|-
|I would eat, if I were hungry :|| if a dak.e (if a eka) a dek.e
|-
|We would stay at home if it snowed || e yüm.e hanya if venre ven.e
|-
|'''''That-clauses'':'''
|-
|I suggested that Paul should eat an apple|| a fuy.o am Paul (c)dek.e şerbe
|-
|He recommends that you be careful||  u füy.e am o buh.e
|-
|It is important that she stay (with you) by your side|| ebo am u yüm.e (oş o) oz vunze
|-
|'''''Desirative-Wish-clauses''''':
|-
|I wish I had a car then I wouldn't get on the bus||             ah (a mih.e) a man.e hunbe ona a yol.ex
|-
|I wish I knew Japanese ||     ah a mad.e Nippon.sa
|-
|'''''Necessity/must-modal-clauses:'''''
|-
|I should be able to sleep (I ought to be able to sleep)|| a büb.ö bdar.ı
|-
|'''''Hearsay-inferential'''''
|-
|"He must have gone" or "he is said to have gone " (allegedly):|| (a büy.e/mid.e/gay.e) (am) u yal.o una
|-
|Martina says that she be in love with you (can be true or not):||  Martina çay.e am u bas.e o
|}
'''Examples for Item 2 clauses:'''
Item 2 clauses are all irreal subjunctive events mostly with conditional (if-clauses) and other dependent sub clauses.  Unreality in this sense is possible in past only. Also hypothetical future events which cannot be realized because dependent conditions of other events in the past are not fulfilled, are included here. 
There are also irrealis clauses with “hidden/not outspoken” dependencies. This item includes further unreal desires and wishes (I wish/ if only) and necessity/must cases (should) as well.
Item 2 events in ABCL will have “the contrafactual suffix –ç” added to the conjugated verb, indicating that all clauses with this verb suffix are irrealis past subconjuntive.
{|
|'''''If-clauses''':''
|-
|If I had felt well (were I well/if I were well) I would have sung||||         if a bat.o (bab.o abü) a tak.o.ç
|- 
|Would you have helped me if I had asked you ? ||||         jo fah.o.ç  a if a çat.o o?
|-
|If I had been hungry, I would have eaten ||||                  if a dak.o (bab.o zex) a dek.e.ç
|-
|Without your help (hidden condition) I could not have finished it||||          oşx oz fah.ı a brem.ö.ç.x
|-
|If you would be my son...|||| if o bab.o.ç az salsa …
|-
|'''''That-clauses:'''''
|-
|My mother had suggested that I should have eaten an apple|||| az salya fuy.o am a (c)dek.e.ç şerbe
|-
|I drunk so much, that my head would have almost  exploded.||||  a deb.ö oşö am az senbe çik.ö.ç uyu
|-
|'''''Necessity/must-modal-clauses:'''''
|-
|I should have been able to sleep (I ought to be able to sleep)|||| a büb.ö.ç bdar.ı
|-
|You should have attended the meeting yesterday  ||||    o çfup.o.ç püspe üçi
|-
|'''''Wish-clauses (incl. desiderative mood)''''':
|-
|Only if I could have slept |||| ah if a bdar.o.ç …
|-
|I wish I had a car so that I hadn't got on the bus.|||| ah (a mih.e) a man.o.ç hunbe öyü am a yol.ox
|-
|I should have learned German |||| ah a dep.ö.ç Deutsch.sa
|-
|'''''Future-clauses:'''''
|-
|I would have got fresh air outdoor if it had not rained this morning. ||||  a raf.a.ç egi venşe oye.sin if venne ven.öx sa cemkü
|}
ABCL considers the subjunctive in subordinate clauses as not essential for the expression of intent of the speaker and omit it accordingly. For example:  Instead of the subjunctives "I suggest that you be careful", we can say "I suggest that you are careful" without losing the sense intended. “Suggest” implies that the case is “irrealis” even though from the grammatical point of view it is “real”.
 
Also in case of inferential (indirect reported), not witnessed, doubted and not confirmed irrealis, such as “He said he was a physician” (German: Er sagte, er sei Arzt), the speaker can express his intention by telling it directly, i.e. he can say “He said he was a physician, but I cannot confirm it”. An adverbial auxiliary such as “allegedly or supposedly” would express the same circumstance. Also past subjunctive “He said he had no time” (German: Er sagte, er hätte keine Zeit) can be expressed the same way.
Irrealis clauses with the past subjunctive can be replaced also with suitable adverbs such as “He has apparently been there” (er sei da gewesen ) and for the future as “He will assumably be there” (German: er werde da sein) 
Turkish has a separate tense for inferentials: “O git.ti” translates “o git.miş”. If it were necessary, English constructions "he must have gone" or "he is said to have gone" would partly translate this Turkish inferential sentence. Even though it is very convenient to build the subjunctive by simply adding the suffix “–miş” to the verb root “git”, it must be learned by some effort. Instead of it I preferred also in such cases using direct real clauses with suitable phrases to cover the intent of the speaker. Here we would say: “I was told that he has gone” or better “He has allegedly gone.” Even though I defined the suffix “_m” for this case for Level 2.  (a bdur.o.m cemtü = I was able to fall asleep at midnight apparently (or as I was told next morning)=uyuyabil.miş.im
Past subjunctive is also used to form the conditional tense (as Konjunktiv II in German with modal “würde”).  “I would not help him if I were you” can be transferred as “I do not help him if I am you” Here even though both phrases are real, with the meaning of the “conditional if…” it is implied that it is not real because in reality “I cannot be you”.
           
In French present and past subjunctives used mostly with verbs or adverbs. It is preceded by the conjunction que (that). In case of jussive: Il faut qu’il comprenne cela ("It is necessary that he understand that"), the “necessity” implies “the order” so that there is no need for the further subjunctive moods of the verbs. This idea has been also implemented in ABCL as already stated.
Italian has also similar subjunctive setting, for example with credo che, è possibile che. I believe (that) she is the best (opinion). 
Arabic : Indicative yaktubu "he writes / is writing / will write" → Subjunctive yaktuba "he may / should write" could be transfer in to “It is possible (that) he writes” and “it is required (that) he writes”.
'''Some examples of the means for transferring the English subjunctives in to other languages and ABCL by modifications:'''
Optative :  "May I be loved!" transferred to “I wish that I will be loved”
Jussive :  "Everyone should be loved", “I ask that everyone is to be loved”
Potential mood : “She probably/possibly loves me"
 
Dubitative mood :  "I think she loves me."
 
Hypothetical :  "I might love you [if...]";  "May I love you" as “I don’t expect that I love you”
Admirative :  "Wow! She loves me!", "Apparently she loves me."
Hortative :  "Let us love!" Eventive : "I would probably love you [if...]" as “I probably love you, if …..”
== DECLINATION, FLEXION, MODALS/MOODS/MODUS ==
There are no gender, number and casus declination/flexion at all. Where necessary, gender may be identified by a corresponding noun/adjective. The casus will not be needed, also not all locative prepositions since the unambiguous verb itself normally implies the cases and the object is defined clearly by its position in the sentence. Only in case of complexity the preposition may be needed.
ABCL has five modals:
b- can
d- may
c- shall
ç- must
g- like
They are placed as prefix to the verbs. Because this way a cluster emerges, in speaking only the first vowel of the verb repeats as gap filling and vowel harmony in between or soundless “ı” as convenient. The modals will not be conjugated and declined at all.
There are countless “verbal modus” in living World languages. Which often used in one language does not exist such as in another at all. If necessary, modus is expressed using particals and prepositions. For the first level we abandoned most of them, leaving a few where we think it easy to learn and nice to have them for good expression.
Possession is one which “must be”, is formed by suffix “_z” and placed after nouns and pronouns. Plural “_i” is used as suffix also after nouns.
'''ABCL has in Level 1 nine verb features  indicated by partical marker and suffixes:
'''
{|
!Verb Features|| ABCL Marker/sufix|| English example|| ABCL example
|-
|Conditional (factual-predictive): ||if…|| when I feel well, I sing||if…
|-
| -- (marker conjunction "when, if")||||if I feel well, I shall sing||
|-
|Imperative/jussive || (pp).verb.ı/i|| (2. PS) go and  “let us” go|| (o).yal.eş/e.yal.eş
|-
|Passive|| _n|| modal verb+ “Verb_ed”/(painted)|| koy/koy.#.n
|-
|Ergative || _t|| The kettle boiled/I boiled the kettle|| dul/dul.#.t
|-
|Reflexive || _m|| I wash myself|| das.#.m
|-
|Reciprocal || _k|| modal (love-make love) or verb (beat-fight)|| bas.#.k
|-
|Causative|| _p|| get + “Verb _ed”/ (get painted)|| koy/koy.#.p
|-
|Subjunctive  ||                         
|-
|    ---Present ||      --|| He suggested I should eat||U fuy.o a c.dek.e
|-
|    ---Past/conditional (counterfactual) || _ç|| if I were well I would have sung|| tek/tek.#.ç
|-
|Negation|| _x|| not /(painted)|| koy.#n.x
|}
-#: (varying vowel for tenses)
“Real” conditional mood marker is the conjunctional partical “if” (same as English). Imperative/jussive will be performed by adding the related personal pronouns to the verb (o.Verb, u.Verb (let him.Verb), e.Verb (let us.Verb)…) and “_eş” as suffix. For second person singular the prefix “o” may be dropped thus imperative being “Verb.eş”
Passive suffix is “_n”. Passive form will be in case of ergatives (from intransitive to transitive conveyed verb) Verb.t.n (for the example in the table above, passive will be “dul.t.n”)
ABCL uses for counterfactual subjunctives the suffix “_ç” for the past and the verb “bab=to be” as modal for the future cases. (see under “aspects” above) Other types of subjunctives will be marked by suitable particles.
Negation suffix “_x” will be placed as a rule at the end of the conjugated verb. In some cases it could come to sequencing of two suffixes in a row such as “koy.k.e.n.x” (the house is not get painted). In such cases also between “_x” and the suffix before a soundless “ı” or the last vowel can be put for vowel harmony.
'''Level 2 moods (in Level 1 expressed by auxiliary particals)'''
{|
|Inferential mood/Hearsay|| _v|||| bas.#y|||| ||she is “said to” love me /she "would" love me                     
|-
|Optative|| _y|||| sen.i.y||||||(I wish you) be well
|}
'''Inflexional Suffixes for Nouns: Genetive and Plural
'''
{|
|Genitive|||||||||| _z|||||||||| şintü.z şindü /                    o.z şintü|||||||||| (of, _’s) kitten of the cat / your cat
|-
|Plural|||||| ||||      _i|||||||||| hanka.i|||||||||| _s -      (houses)
|}
== GREETING and WISHES ==
Infinitive/imperative form of the verbs "sen” (to be well) and "sin” (to see/meet again) have been defined as “short” greeting nouns, "sen" meaning "hallo" (“full” “sen.eş”: I wish you be well) to be used when people meet/phone and "sin" meaning "good by” (“full” “sin.eş”: I wish to see you again-to keep in touch) when separate.
No further greeting and courtesy words are defined. User can himself introduce such words as “good day, good luck” if he wishes by directly translating them from English or their native languages.
The addressing forms such as “mr., mrs., sir, madam, etc.” have no place in ABCL.
For Level 2 however, in accordance with simplicity requirement of ABCL, further phrases are defined as follows:
{|
|sen.eş||hallo||Literally: be well !
|-
|sin.eş||see you (good by)||keep in touch
|-
|dip o||thank you
|-
|enöx||welcome (unrequired)|| unnecessary
|-
|yit.eş||please
|-
|o to?||how are you?
|-
|(a) abu||I’m fine
|-
|şe.min*||best wishes||(I wish you) the best
|-
|a bek||I’m sorry
|-
|abu.cam**||Happy New Year
|-
|anu.cam||merry/holy “Holy Day”
|-
|edi.ben(ne)||good luck
|-
|edi.ten||good health
|}
.* Being "min" is root verb for "wish" and "şe" is adjective "most", the full wish phrase would be: “A min.e o şe edi bangı.” meaning “I wish you the best things”. For greeting they will be merged to one word "şemin": This will be used as overall wishes for almost all situations like good luck, success, health, journey etc. (although I defined for good luck and health separate phrases for Level 2)
.** Although New Year means "cambe", only first syllable "cam" indicating the class "time" is taken and suffixed to "abu=happy" building one word for the sake of shortness and simplicity. The same apples also to the following phrases.
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