Gemendic: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 08:07, 18 May 2023

535 bytes added ,  18 May 2023
→‎Consonants
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=====Consonants=====
=====Consonants=====
<!--
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''Consonants'''
|+ '''Consonants'''
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! '''Remarks'''
! '''Remarks'''
|-
|-
| rowspan="3"|'''b'''
| rowspan="4"|'''b'''
| word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩
| word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩
| [b]
| [b]
| ''buen'' "good"; ''ambos'' "both"
| <!--''buen'' "good"; ''ambos'' "both"-->
|
|
|-
|-
| elsewhere (i.e. after a vowel, even across a word boundary, or after any consonant other than ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩)
| elsewhere (i.e. after a vowel, even across a word boundary, or after any consonant other than ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩)
| [β̞]
| [β̞]
| ''sobre'' "over"
| <!--''sobre'' "over"-->
|
|-
| utterance-final after ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩
| [P]
| <!--''ob'' "where"-->
|
|
|-
|-
| utterance-final
| utterance-final otherwise
| [p] or [ɸ̞]
| [ɸ̞]
| ''ob'' "where"
| <!--''ob'' "where"-->
|
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="4"| '''c'''
| rowspan="4"| '''c'''
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩
| [tʃ] or [ʃ] (depending on the dialect)
| [tʃ]
| ''ceto'' "early; in the morning"
| <!--''ceto'' "early; in the morning"-->
|
|
|-
|-
| elsewhere
| elsewhere
| [k]
| [k]
| ''canta'' "song"
| <!--''canta'' "song"-->
|
|
|-
|-
| before voiced consonants
| before voiced consonants
| [ɣ̞]
| [ɣ̞]
| ''anécdota'' "anecdote"
| <!--''anécdota'' "anecdote"-->
|
|
|-
|-
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| '''ch'''
| '''ch'''
| everywhere
| everywhere
| [tʃ] or [ʃ] (depending on the dialect)
| [tʃ]
| ''xuchar'' "to listen"
| <!--''xuchar'' "to listen"-->
|
|
|-
|-
| '''ç'''
| '''ç'''
| everywhere
| everywhere
| [θ], [s], or [tʃ] (depending on the dialect)
| [s] or [θ] (depending on the dialect)
| ''cueça'' "slope"
| <!--''cueça'' "slope"-->
|
|
|-
|-
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| word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨l⟩ or ⟨n⟩
| word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨l⟩ or ⟨n⟩
| [d̪]
| [d̪]
| ''dar'' "to give"; ''caldu'' "hot"
| <!--''dar'' "to give"; ''caldu'' "hot"-->
|
|
|-
|-
| after ⟨n⟩ word-finally
| elsewhere
| Ø
| [ð̞]
| ''mond'' "world"
| <!--''modos'' "ways, modes"-->
|
|
|-
|-
| elsewhere
| utterance-final after ⟨n⟩
| [ð̞]
| [t̪]
| ''modos'' "ways, modes"
| <!--''mond'' "world"-->
|
|
|-
|-
| utterance-final
| utterance-final otherwise
| [t̪] or [θ̞]
| [θ̞]
| ''mod'' "way, mode"
| <!--''mod'' "way, mode"-->
|
|
|-
|-
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| everywhere
| everywhere
| [f]
| [f]
| ''formica'' "ant"
| <!--''formica'' "ant"-->
|
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="5"| '''g'''
| rowspan="5"| '''g'''
<!--
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩
| [dʒ]
| [dʒ]
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|
|
|-
|-
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts
-->
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩<!--, and not in the above contexts-->
| [ʒ]
| [ʒ]
| ''viage'' "journey"
| <!--''viage'' "journey"-->
|
|
|-
|-
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|
|
|-
|-
| utterance-final
| utterance-final after ⟨n⟩
| [k] or [x̞]
| [k]
| ''zigzag'' "zigzag"
| <!--''zigzag'' "zigzag"-->
| In loanwords.
|
|-
| utterance-final otherwise
| [x̞]
| <!--''zigzag'' "zigzag"-->
|  
|-
|-
<!--
| '''gh'''
| '''gh'''
| everywhere
| everywhere
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| In Arabic loanwords
| In Arabic loanwords
|-
|-
-->
| rowspan="4"|'''gu'''
| rowspan="4"|'''gu'''
| before ⟨a⟩ or ⟨o⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩
| before ⟨a⟩ or ⟨o⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩
| [ɡw]
| [ɡw]
| ''lengua'' "tongue, language"
| <!--''lengua'' "tongue, language"-->
|
|
|-
|-
| before ⟨a⟩ or ⟨o⟩, and not in the above contexts
| before ⟨a⟩ or ⟨o⟩, and not in the above contexts
| [ɣ̞w]
| [ɣ̞w]
| ''Paraguay'' "Paraguay"
| <!--''Paraguay'' "Paraguay"-->
| In loanwords.
|  
|-
|-
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩
| [ɡ]
| [ɡ]
| ''guitarra'' "guitar"
| <!--''guitarra'' "guitar"-->
|
|
|-
|-
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts
| [ɣ̞]
| [ɣ̞]
| ''magues'' "witches, female Zoroastrians"
| <!--''magues'' "witches, female Zoroastrians"-->
|
|
|-
|-
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| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩
| [ɡw]
| [ɡw]
| ''lengües'' "tongues, languages"
| <!--''lengües'' "tongues, languages"-->
|
|
|-
|-
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts
| [ɣ̞w]
| [ɣ̞w]
| ''següey'' "Segway"
| <!--''següey'' "Segway"-->
| In loanwords.
| In loanwords.
|-
|-
| rowspan="2"|'''h'''
| rowspan="2"|'''h'''
| everywhere
| everywhere
| [h] or [ħ] or [x]
| [x] or [h] or [ħ]
| ''horru'' "free"
| <!--''horru'' "free"-->
| Generally occurs in loanwords.
|  
|-
|-
| everywhere (rare)
| everywhere (rare)
| Ø
| Ø
| ''honestu'' "honest"
| <!--''honestu'' "honest"-->
| Occurs in loanwords where the letter is silent in the original language. May be pronounced [h] as a spelling pronunciation.
| Occurs in loanwords where the letter is silent in the original language. May be pronounced [h] as a spelling pronunciation.
|-
|-
| rowspan="3"| '''j'''
|<!-- rowspan="3"| -->'''j'''
<!--
| either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩
| either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩
| [dʒ]
| [dʒ]
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|
|
|-
|-
| elsewhere
-->
| everywhere
| [ʒ]
| [ʒ]
| ''viajar'' "to travel"
| ''viajar'' "to travel"
|
|
|-
|-
<!--
| utterance-final
| utterance-final
| [tʃ] or [ʃ]
| [tʃ] or [ʃ]
| ''alhaj'' "Hajj"
| ''alhaj'' "Hajj"
| In loanwords.
| In loanwords.
-->
|-
|-
| '''k'''
| '''k'''
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| everywhere
| everywhere
| [l]
| [l]
| ''lengua'' "tongue, language"
| <!--''lengua'' "tongue, language"-->
|
|
|-
|-
| '''lh'''
| '''ll'''
| everywhere
| everywhere
| [ʎ]
| [ʎ]
| ''vielh'' "old"
| <!--''vielh'' "old"-->
|
|-
| '''l•l'''
| everywhere
| [lː]
| <!--''vielh'' "old"-->
|
|
|-
|-
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| everywhere but before other consonants and word-finally
| everywhere but before other consonants and word-finally
| [n]
| [n]
| ''manes'' "hands"
| <!--''manes'' "hands"-->
|
|
|-
|-
| before other consonants
| before other consonants
| [m]; [ɱ]; [n]; [n̪]; [ɲ]; [ŋ]
| [m]; [ɱ]; [n]; [n̪]; [ɲ]; [ŋ]
| ''lengua'' "tongue, language"
| <!--''lengua'' "tongue, language"-->
| Assimilates to the following consonant’s place of articulation.
| Assimilates to the following consonant’s place of articulation.
|-
|-
| word-finally
| word-finally
|[n] or [ŋ] (depending on the dialect)
|[n] or [ŋ] (depending on the dialect)
| ''man'' "hand"
| <!--''man'' "hand"-->
|
|
|-
|-
| '''nh'''
| '''nn'''
| everywhere
| everywhere
| [ɲ]
| [ɲ]
| ''suenh'' "sleep, dream"
| <!--''suenh'' "sleep, dream"-->
|
|-
| '''n•n'''
| everywhere
| [nː]
| <!--''vielh'' "old"-->
|
|
|-
|-
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| everywhere
| everywhere
| [p]
| [p]
| ''padre'' "father"
| <!--''padre'' "father"-->
|
|
|-
|-
| in the consonant cluster ⟨pt⟩
| in the consonant cluster ⟨pt⟩
| [β̞] or [ɸ̞]
| [β̞] or [ɸ̞]
| ''aptu'' "apt"
| <!--''aptu'' "apt"-->
|
|
|-
|-
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| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩
| [k]
| [k]
| ''que'' "what"
| <!--''que'' "what"-->
|
|
|-
|-
| elsewhere
| elsewhere
| [kw]
| [kw]
| ''quatro'' "four"
| <!--''quatro'' "four"-->
|
|
|-
|-
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| only occurs before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩
| only occurs before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩
| [kw]
| [kw]
| ''aqües'' "waters"
| <!--''aqües'' "waters"-->
|
|
|-
|-
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| elsewhere
| elsewhere
| [ɾ]
| [ɾ]
| ''plorar'' "to cry"
| <!--''plorar'' "to cry"-->
|
|
|-
|-
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| only occurs between vowels
| only occurs between vowels
| [r]
| [r]
| ''carru'' "car"
| <!--''carru'' "car"-->
|
|
|-
|-
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| word-initial, morpheme initial, before a voiceless consonant, or utterance-final
| word-initial, morpheme initial, before a voiceless consonant, or utterance-final
| [s]
| [s]
| ''salá'' "prayer"
| <!--''salá'' "prayer"-->
|
|
|-
|-
| everywhere else
| everywhere else
| [z]
| [z]
| ''mesa'' "table"
| <!--''mesa'' "table"-->
|
|
|-
|-
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| only occurs between vowels
| only occurs between vowels
| [s]
| [s]
| ''passar'' "to pass"
| <!--''passar'' "to pass"-->
|
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="3"| '''t'''
| rowspan="2"| '''t'''
| everywhere
| everywhere
| [t̪]
| [t̪]
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| before voiced consonants
| before voiced consonants
| [ð̞]
| [ð̞]
| ''atmósfera'' "atmosphere"
| <!--''atmósfera'' "atmosphere"-->
|  
|  
|-
|-
<!--
| after ⟨n⟩ word-finally
| after ⟨n⟩ word-finally
| Ø
| Ø
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|
|
|-
|-
-->
| '''v'''
| '''v'''
| everywhere
| everywhere
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|-
|-
| '''w'''
| '''w'''
| everywhere
| in loanwords
| [w]
| [v]
| ''welh'' "eye"
| <!--''welh'' "eye"-->
|
|
|-
|-
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| everywhere
| everywhere
| [ʃ]
| [ʃ]
| ''xuchar'' "to listen"
| <!--''xuchar'' "to listen"-->
|
|
|-
|-
| between vowels and word-finally
| between vowels and word-finally
| [ks]
| [ks]
| ''toxina'' "toxin"
| <!--''toxina'' "toxin"-->
| In words of Latin or Greek origin; may be replaced with ⟨cs⟩ or ⟨s⟩ (with the associated pronunciation change).
| In words of Latin or Greek origin; may be replaced with ⟨cs⟩ or ⟨s⟩ (with the associated pronunciation change).
|-
|-
| before a consonant
| before a consonant
| [ks] or [s]
| [ks] or [s]
| ''textu'' "text"
| ''text'' "text"
| In loanwords; may be replaced with ⟨s⟩ (and pronounced accordingly).
| In loanwords; may be replaced with ⟨s⟩ (and pronounced accordingly).
|-
|-
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| everywhere except when acting as a vowel
| everywhere except when acting as a vowel
| [j]
| [j]
| ''yerva'' "grass"
| <!--''yerva'' "grass"-->
|
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="2"| '''z'''
| rowspan="2"| '''z'''
| utterance-final or before a voiceless consonant
| utterance-final or before a voiceless consonant
| [θ] or [s] (depending on the dialect)
| [s] or [θ] (depending on the dialect)
| ''arroz'' "rice"
| <!--''arroz'' "rice"-->
|
|
|-
|-
| everywhere else
| everywhere else
| [ð] or [z] (depending on the dialect)
| [z] or [ð] (depending on the dialect)
| ''zagal'' "boy"
| <!--''zagal'' "boy"-->
|
|
|}
|}
-->
 
=====Vowels=====
=====Vowels=====
<!--
<!--
Shariifka
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