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===Pronouns=== | |||
====Personal pronouns==== | |||
<!-- | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|+ Essanian personal pronouns | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" colspan="4" | Person, Number, Formality, Gender !! colspan="4" | Independent || colspan="4" | Clitic | |||
|- | |||
! Subject !! Object !! Reflexive Object!! Possessive !! Direct object !! Indirect object !! Reflexive !! Possessive | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3" | 1<sup>st</sup> !! colspan="3" | Singular | |||
| ''yo'' || colspan="2"| ''mi'' || ''miyu/miyos, miya/miyes, miyo'' || colspan="3" | <i>me, m'</i><sup><small>1</small></sup> || ''mo(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>/mos, ma(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>/mes, mo(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>'' | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Plural !! Masculine | |||
| colspan="3" | ''nós; nosotros'' || rowspan="2" | ''nues/nuesos, nuesa/nueses, nueso'' || rowspan="2" colspan="3"| ''nos'' || rowspan="2" | – | |||
|- | |||
! Feminine | |||
| colspan="3" | ''nós; nosotres'' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="7" | 2<sup>nd</sup> !! rowspan="3" | Singular || colspan="2" | Informal | |||
| ''tu'' ||colspan="2"| ''ti'' || ''tuw/tuwos, tuwa/tuwes, tuwo'' || colspan="3" | <i>te, t'</i><sup><small>1</small></sup> || ''to(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>/tos, ta(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>/tes, to(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>'' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| Formal !! Masculine | |||
| rowspan="2" colspan="2"| ''vucé'' || rowspan="2"| ''sí'' || rowspan="2"| ''suw/suwos, suwa/suwes, suwo'' || <i>lu, l'</i><sup><small>1</small></sup>, ''-l''<sup><small>3</small></sup> || rowspan="2"| ''lhi'' || rowspan="2"| <i>se, s'</i><sup><small>1</small></sup> || rowspan="2"| ''so(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>/sos, sa(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>/ses, so(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>'' | |||
|- | |||
! Feminine | |||
| <i>la, l'</i><sup><small>4</small></sup> | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="4" | Plural !! rowspan="2" | Informal !! Masculine | |||
| colspan="3" | ''vós; vosotros'' || rowspan="2" | ''vues/vuesos, vuesa/vueses, vueso'' || rowspan="2" colspan="3"| ''vos'' || rowspan="2" | – | |||
|- | |||
! Feminine | |||
| colspan="3" | ''vós; vosotres'' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | Formal !! Masculine | |||
| rowspan="2" colspan="2"| ''vucés'' || rowspan="8"| ''sí'' ||rowspan="2"| ''lor/loros, lora/lores, loro'' || ''los'' || rowspan="2"| ''lhis'' || rowspan="2"| <i>se, s'</i><sup><small>1</small></sup>, ''-sen''<sup><small>5</small></sup> || rowspan="2"| – | |||
|- | |||
! Feminine | |||
| ''les'' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="5" | 3<sup>rd</sup> !! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Singular !! Masculine | |||
| colspan="2"| ''elh'' || rowspan="3"| ''suw/suwos, suwa/suwes, suwo'' || <i>lu, l'</i><sup><small>1</small></sup>, ''-l''<sup><small>3</small></sup> || rowspan="3"| <i>lhi, lh'</i><sup><small>1</small></sup> || rowspan="3"| <i>se, s'</i><sup><small>1</small></sup>|| rowspan="3"| ''so(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>/sos, sa(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>/ses, so(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>'' | |||
|- | |||
! Feminine | |||
| colspan="2"| ''elha'' || <i>la, l'</i><sup><small>4</small></sup> | |||
|- | |||
! Neuter | |||
| colspan="2"| ''elho'' || <i>lo, l'</i><sup><small>1</small></sup> | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Plural !! Masculine | |||
| colspan="2"| ''elhos'' || rowspan="2"| ''lor/loros, lora/lores, loro'' || ''los'' || rowspan="2"| ''lhis'' || rowspan="2"| <i>se, s'</i><sup><small>1</small></sup>, ''-sen''<sup><small>5</small></sup> || rowspan="2"| – | |||
|- | |||
! Feminine | |||
| colspan="2"| ''elhes'' || ''les'' | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="4" | Impersonal | |||
| colspan="2" | ''wemo'' || ''suw/suwos, suwa/suwes, suwo'' || <i>lo, l'</i><sup><small>1</small></sup> || <i>lhi, lh'</i><sup><small>1</small></sup> || <i>se, s'</i><sup><small>1</small></sup> || ''so(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>/sos, sa(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>/ses, so(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>'' | |||
|} | |||
'''Notes:''' | |||
<sup><small>1</small></sup> Preverbal before vowel. | |||
<sup><small>2</small></sup> -''n'' is appended to the singular clitic possessives when the following word begins in a vowel. Also note that in more archaic forms of Essanian, a glide may be added after the initial consonant of the clitic possessives in both the singular and plural. This glide is ''-i-'' in the first person and ''-u-'' in the second and third persons. | |||
<sup><small>3</small></sup> Post-verbal after vowel. | |||
<sup><small>4</small></sup> Preverbal before ''a''. | |||
<sup><small>5</small></sup> Post-verbal after non-finite form (infinitive, participles, etc.). | |||
Note that post-verbal clitic pronouns are always separated from the verb with a hyphen. | |||
The neuter gender is used to refer to abstract ideas, infinitives, ''que'' clauses, inanimate interrogatives and indefinites, and similar. | |||
When a verb has multiple clitic object pronouns, they combine in the following order: ''reflexive OP + indirect OP + direct OP + adverbial OP'' (see below).--> | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||