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Gemendic: Difference between revisions
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===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Note that second person polite forms always take third person verb conjugations | Note that second person polite forms always take third person verb conjugations | ||
==== | ====Non-finite forms==== | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align: center" | ||
|+ Non-finite forms of regular verbs | |+ Non-finite forms of regular verbs | ||
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² Becomes ''-endo'' after palatal consonants. Merges with preceding ''-w-'' to form ''-yendo''.--> | ² Becomes ''-endo'' after palatal consonants. Merges with preceding ''-w-'' to form ''-yendo''.--> | ||
==== | ====Simple tenses==== | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
|+ Simple tenses (regular ''-en'' verbs) | |+ Simple tenses (regular ''-en'' verbs) | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
|+ Simple subjunctive tenses (regular ''-er'' and ''-ir'' verbs) | |+ Simple subjunctive tenses (regular ''-er'' and ''-ir'' verbs) | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
==== | ====Imperative==== | ||
*'''Affirmative:''' | *'''Affirmative:''' | ||
**'''2S:''' Same as 3S present indicative. | **'''2S:''' Same as 3S present indicative. | ||
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*'''Negative:''' Same as corresponding present subjunctive. | *'''Negative:''' Same as corresponding present subjunctive. | ||
--> | --> | ||
====Compound tenses==== | |||
==== | |||
Compound tenses are formed with the verb ''haven'' "to have" followed by the past participle. They differ from each other according to the tense of the auxiliary verb. | Compound tenses are formed with the verb ''haven'' "to have" followed by the past participle. They differ from each other according to the tense of the auxiliary verb. | ||
*Non-finite forms: | *Non-finite forms: | ||
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====='''Periphrastic tenses'''===== | ====='''Periphrastic tenses'''===== | ||
In addition to the usual simple and compound tenses, there are additional periphrastic tenses formed with auxiliary verbs. These can themselves take any simple or compound tense.--> | In addition to the usual simple and compound tenses, there are additional periphrastic tenses formed with auxiliary verbs. These can themselves take any simple or compound tense.--> | ||
====Passive==== | |||
==== | |||
Formed with the appropriate conjugation of ''vesen'' "to be" with the appropriately declined form of the past participle. | Formed with the appropriate conjugation of ''vesen'' "to be" with the appropriately declined form of the past participle. | ||
<!-- | <!-- | ||
It can also be used as a pseudopassive, especially with intransitive verbs. In this case, the participle is always in the neuter.--> | It can also be used as a pseudopassive, especially with intransitive verbs. In this case, the participle is always in the neuter.--> | ||
==== | ====Irregular verbs==== | ||
* Verbs that have an irregular imperfect stem use that stem in the imperfect indicative and subjunctive instead of the expected ''-ed-/-od-'' suffix. The endings added to the past stem remain the same (i.e. ''-a, -es,...'' in the indicative and ''-o, -es,...'' in the subjunctive). | * Verbs that have an irregular imperfect stem use that stem in the imperfect indicative and subjunctive instead of the expected ''-ed-/-od-'' suffix. The endings added to the past stem remain the same (i.e. ''-a, -es,...'' in the indicative and ''-o, -es,...'' in the subjunctive). | ||
* Verbs that have an irregular imperfect stem may form their past participle in one of two ways depending on how the imperfect stem is derived: | * Verbs that have an irregular imperfect stem may form their past participle in one of two ways depending on how the imperfect stem is derived: | ||
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* Some verbs have an irregular future stem (i.e. a stem other than the infinitive), usually derived by contraction. In this case, the endings normally added to the infinitive in the future and conditional tenses are instead added to the irregular stem. | * Some verbs have an irregular future stem (i.e. a stem other than the infinitive), usually derived by contraction. In this case, the endings normally added to the infinitive in the future and conditional tenses are instead added to the irregular stem. | ||
* Some verbs have a vowel change in the stem conditioned by stress. Most often, this alternation is between ''-è-'' and ''-e-'', or ''-ò-'' and ''-o-'' (the first of each set occurring when stressed, and the second when unstressed). | * Some verbs have a vowel change in the stem conditioned by stress. Most often, this alternation is between ''-è-'' and ''-e-'', or ''-ò-'' and ''-o-'' (the first of each set occurring when stressed, and the second when unstressed). | ||
* Some verbs whose stem end in ''-c-'' or ''-g-'' maintain their spelling in all forms with the associated pronunciation changes. Others maintain their pronunciation in all forms with the associated spelling changes. | |||
====Some important irregular verbs==== | |||
=====The verb ''vesen'' "to be"===== | |||
=====The verb ''haven'' "to have"===== | |||
=====The verb ''gannen'' "to go"===== | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||