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Syzkyn: Difference between revisions
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| Line 218: | Line 218: | ||
| Ğ ğ | | Ğ ğ | ||
| ɣ~ʁ | | ɣ~ʁ | ||
| | | Can be substituted with ҕ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Д д | | Д д | ||
| Line 326: | Line 326: | ||
| P p | | P p | ||
| pʰ | | pʰ | ||
| | | Can be substituted with ҧ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Р р | | Р р | ||
| Line 442: | Line 442: | ||
==== Ablaut and Umlaut ==== | ==== Ablaut and Umlaut ==== | ||
Syzkyn preserved Germanic Ablaut and Norse Umlaut to a limited extent. Neither is productive in the modern language, and the u-mutation like that found in | Syzkyn preserved Germanic Ablaut and Norse Umlaut to a limited extent. Neither is productive in the modern language, and the u-mutation like that found in Icelandic is entirely lost in Syzkyn. | ||
==== H-Vocalization ==== | ==== H-Vocalization ==== | ||
| Line 463: | Line 463: | ||
=== Nouns === | === Nouns === | ||
Syzkyn nouns are formed through a root that can take up to two suffixes. The first suffix encodes number (singular or plural) and definiteness (definite or indefinite), and is usually inherited from Old Norse. The second suffix encodes grammatical case, with suffixes derived from prepositions, later postpositions, that became grammaticalized after the erosion of the Old Norse case system. | |||
==== Inflection classes, number, and definiteness ==== | |||
Syzkyn nouns can be divided into five classes depending on how plurals and definiteness are marked. | |||
===== a-class ===== | |||
'''a-class''' nouns reflect the Old Norse masculine a-stem and feminine ō-stem nouns. They usually end in a consonant or -ы, which is elided when a vowel-initial morpheme is suffixed. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" colspan="1" | '''a-class''' | |||
! rowspan="1" colspan="2" | бод 'boat' | |||
! rowspan="1" colspan="2" | қалақы 'city' | |||
! rowspan="1" colspan="2" | даа 'day' | |||
|- | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
|- | |||
! Indefinite | |||
| бод | |||
| бод-ар | |||
| қалақ-ы | |||
| қалақ-ар | |||
| даа | |||
| даҳ-ар | |||
|- | |||
! Definite | |||
| бод-ын | |||
| бод-арныр | |||
| қалақ-ын | |||
| қалақ-арныр | |||
| даҳ-ын | |||
| даҳ-арныр | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
===== y-class ===== | |||
'''y-class''' nouns reflect the Old Norse i-stems and u-stems. They inflect similarly to a-stems but take plurals in -(ы)р. Singulars either use no suffix or -а. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" colspan="1" | '''y-class''' | |||
! rowspan="1" colspan="2" | сул 'sun' | |||
! rowspan="1" colspan="2" | ӷада 'street/road' | |||
! rowspan="1" colspan="2" | ҟу 'shoe' | |||
|- | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
|- | |||
! Indefinite | |||
| сул | |||
| сул-ыр | |||
| ӷад-а | |||
| ӷад-ыр | |||
| ҟу | |||
| ҟу-р | |||
|- | |||
! Definite | |||
| сул-ын | |||
| сул-ырныр | |||
| ӷад-ан | |||
| ӷад-ырныр | |||
| ҟу-н | |||
| ҟу-рныр | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
===== 0-type ===== | |||
===== n-type ===== | |||
===== Umlauting ===== | |||
==== Cases ==== | |||
The set of cases and suffixes used is the same across all five classes, regardless of number, definiteness, or inflection type. | |||
=== Adjectives === | === Adjectives === | ||