User:Shariifka/Sandbox: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search

User:Shariifka/Sandbox (view source)

Revision as of 07:24, 24 July 2023

15,385 bytes removed ,  24 July 2023
Undo revision 319625 by Shariifka (talk)
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit
(Undo revision 319625 by Shariifka (talk))
Tags: Undo Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit
Line 2,696: Line 2,696:
| next week ||  
| next week ||  
|-
|-
|}
==Mayal/Makaahiil==
In 1932, ''Mahammad 'Abdi Makaahiil'' ({{lang-so|Maxamed Cabdi Makaahiil}}), a Somali scholar who studied at [[Al-Azhar University]], published a short book titled "Inšāʾ al makātibāt al ʿarabiyyah fīl-luġah as-Sūmāliyyah" ({{lang-ar|إنشاء المكاتبات العربية في اللغة الصوماليّة}}; ''Creating of Arabic correspondences in the Somali language'') in which he printed Somali orthographic conventions as well as several sample letters and many sample proverbs. He built upon earlier work by ''Ibraahim Cabdullaahi Mayal''. In this book, he also argues against those who at the time favored adopting Arabic language as the sole official language of Somalia, and he argued strongly for adopting Arabic Script for Somali language.<ref name="AhmadSheikh"/>
Makaahiil's proposed orthography uses the same letters as in Arabic, with only two additional letters, {{Script/Arabic|ڎ}} for /ɖ/ and  {{Script/Arabic|گ}} for /g/. On the other hand, there are 8 consonants in Arabic alphabet that do not exist in Somali language (except for writing Arabic loanwords), which include the letters thāʼ ({{lang|ar|ث}}), dhal ({{lang|ar|ذ}}), zāy ({{lang|ar|ز}}), ṣād ({{lang|ar|ص}}), ḍād ({{lang|ar|ض}}), ṭāʾ ({{lang|ar|ط}}), ẓāʾ ({{lang|ar|ظ}}), and ghayn ({{lang|ar|غ}}).
This writing convention relies on [[Arabic diacritics|vowel diacritics]].
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+Somali Arabic Alphabet
! rowspan="2" |Name
! colspan="4" |Forms
! rowspan="2" |Sound represented
! rowspan="2" |[[Somali Latin alphabet|Latin]] equivalent
! rowspan="2" |Notes
|-
!Isolated
!Final
!Medial
!Initial
|-
|ʾalif<br>{{Script|Arab|الف}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ا}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـا}}</span>
|
|
| - / {{IPA|/a/}}
| -
| ''ʾalif'' has two functions, first as vowel carrier for vowels at the beginning of words. Second for showing long vowel ''"aa"''.
|-
| bāʾ<br>{{Script|Arab|باء}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ب}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـب}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـبـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|بـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/b/}}
|b
|
|-
| tāʾ<br>{{Script|Arab|تاء}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ت}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـت}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـتـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|تـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/t/}}
|t
|
|-
|thāʼ <br>{{Script|Arab|ثاء}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ث}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـث}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـثـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ثـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/s/}}
|s
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
|-
|jīm<br>{{Script|Arab|جيم}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ج}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـج}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـجـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|جـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}
|j
|
|-
|ḥāʾ<br>{{Script|Arab|حاء}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ح}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـح}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـحـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|حـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/ħ/}}
|x
|
|-
|khāʾ<br>{{Script|Arab|خاء}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|خ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـخ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـخـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|خـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/χ/}}
|kh
|
|-
|dāl<br>{{Script|Arab|دال}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|د}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـد}}</span>
|
|
|{{IPA|/d/}}
|d
|
|-
|dhāl<br>{{Script|Arab|ذال}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ذ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـذ}}</span>
|
|
|{{IPA|/d/}}
|d
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
|-
|dhā<br>{{Script|Arab|ڎا}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ڎ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـڎ}}</span>
|
|
|{{IPA|/ɖ/}}
|dh
|Additional letter not present in Arabic<br>Also historically represented by {{Script|Arab|ط}}
|-
|rāʾ<br>{{Script|Arab|راء}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ر}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـر}}</span>
|
|
|{{IPA|/r/}}
|r
|
|-
|zāʾ<br>{{Script|Arab|زاي}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ز}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـز}}</span>
|
|
|{{IPA|/z/}}
|z
|
|-
|sīn<br>{{Script|Arab|سين}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|س}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـس}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـسـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|سـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/s/}}
|s
|
|-
|shīn<br>{{Script|Arab|شين}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ش}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـش}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـشـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|شـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/ʃ/}}
|sh
|
|-
|ṣād<br>{{Script|Arab|صاد}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ص}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـص}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـصـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|صـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/s/}}
|s
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
|-
|ḍād <br>{{Script|Arab|ضاد}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ض}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـض}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـضـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ضـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/d/}}
|d
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
|-
|ṭāʾ<br>{{Script|Arab|طاء}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ط}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـط}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـطـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|طـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/ɖ/}}
|t, dh
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.<br>Also historically used for representing "dh" instead of {{Script|Arab|ڎ}}
|-
|ẓāʾ <br>{{Script|Arab|ظاء}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ظ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـظ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـظـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ظـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/d/}}~{{IPA|/z/}}
|d, z
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords. Some such loan words are written in Latin with "z", others with "d".
|-
|ʿayn<br>{{Script|Arab|عين}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ع}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـع}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـعـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|عـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/ʕ/}}
| c
|
|-
|ghayn<br>{{Script|Arab|غين}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|غ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـغ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـغـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|غـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/ɣ/}}~{{IPA|/g/}}
|g
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
|-
|fāʾ<br>{{Script|Arab|فاء}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ف}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـف}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـفـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|فـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/f/}}
|f
|
|-
|qāf<br>{{Script|Arab|قاف}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ق}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـق}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـقـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|قـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/q/}}
|q
|
|-
|kāf<br>{{Script|Arab|كاف}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ك}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـك}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـكـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|كـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/k/}}
|k
|
|-
|gāʾ<br>{{Script|Arab|گاء}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|گ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـگ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـگـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|گـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/ɡ/}}
|g
|Additional letter not present in Arabic.
|-
|lām<br>{{Script|Arab|لام}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ل}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـل}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـلـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|لـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/l/}}
|l
|
|-
|mīm<br>{{Script|Arab|ميم}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|م}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـم}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـمـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|مـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/m/}}
|m
|
|-
|{{Transl|jv|nun}}<br>{{Script|Arab|نون}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ن}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـن}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـنـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|نـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/n/}}
|n
|
|-
|wāw<br>{{Script|Arab|واو}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|و}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـو}}</span>
|
|
|{{IPA|/w/}}<Br>{{IPA|/ɞ:/}}, {{IPA|/ɔ:/}}, {{IPA|/ʉ:/}}, {{IPA|/u:/}}
|w and oo, uu
|The letter ''wāw'' serves two functions. First is as a vowel, with a sound [w]. Second is in writing of long vowels "oo" and "uu".
|-
|hāʾ<br>{{Script|Arab|هاء}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ه}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـه}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـهـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|هـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/h/}}
|h
|
|-
|yāʾ<br>{{Script|Arab|ياء}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ي}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـي}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـيـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|يـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/j/}}<Br>{{IPA|/e:/}}, {{IPA|/ɛ:/}}, {{IPA|/i:/}}, {{IPA|/ɪ:/}}
| y, ee, ii
| The letter ''yāʾ'' serves two functions. First is as a vowel, with a sound [j]. Second is in writing of long vowels "ee" and "ii".
|-
|hamzah<br>{{Script|Arab|همزة}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ء}}</span>
|
|
|
|{{IPA|/ʔ/}}
| ’
|
|}
As for vowels, in [[Somali phonology]], there are five vowel articulations. These vowel articulations can either be [[Vowel length|short or long]]. Each vowel also has a harmonic counterpart, expressed either at the front or at the back of the mouth. Somali words follow a [[vowel harmony]] rule. However, Somali orthography, neither [[Somali Latin alphabet]], nor Arabic alphabet, nor [[Osmanya alphabet]] distinguish between the two vowel harmony sets.
A shortcoming of the Arabic script for Somali language, is that while Somali has 5 vowels, Arabic has 3. This was where, Galaal got the most creative, coming up with brand new letters to represent vowels. In the 1961 Somali Language Committee Report, several other Arabic proposals were also listed, where other solutions were proposed for showing the 5 short vowels and 5 long vowels. None of these other proposals gained traction.<ref name="Qutbi1961">Qutbi, A. Sh. A. “The Report of the Somali Language Committee, 1961.” Internet Archive, May 15, 1961. [https://archive.org/details/LinguisticReport1961 https://archive.org/details/LinguisticReport1961].</ref>
In Mahammad 'Abdi Makaahiil's orthographic convention, he added two new diacritics. For short vowel sounds [a], [u], and [i], [[Arabic diacritics]] are used. For long vowel sounds [a:], [u:], and [i:], similar to Arabic, the letters ''alif'' (ا), ''wāw'' (و), and ''yāʾ'' (ي) respectively.
For the short vowel sound [e], Makaahil interpreted the sound to be in between [a] and [i], thus he proposed to combine "◌َ " (''Fatha'', [a]) and "◌ِ" and (''Dhamma'', [i]), and write "◌َِ". As for long vowel sound [e:], it'd be written as "◌َِ" followed by ''yāʾ'' (ي).<ref name="AhmadSheikh"/>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Vowel diacritics in Somali Arabic Alphabet
|-
! -a || -e || -i || -o || -u
|-dir="rtl"
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|◌َ}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|◌َِ}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ِ}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ٗ}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ُ}}</span>
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Long vowels in Somali Arabic Alphabet
|-
! -aa || -ee || -ii || -oo || -uu
|-dir="rtl"
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|ـا}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|◌َِيـ / ◌َِي}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|يـ / ي}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ٗو}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|و / ـو}}</span>
|}
Vowels, when occurring at the beginning of words, are placed on top of ''alif'' (ا). Long vowels are written as they would in the middle of the word, except that ''wāw'' (و), and ''yāʾ'' (ي) would be preceded by ''alif'' instead of another consonant.The exception to this convention is long vowel [aa], where similar to Arabic, ''[[Arabic_diacritics#Maddah|alif madda]]'' (آ) is used.<ref name="AhmadSheikh"/>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Vowel in the beginning of words in Somali Arabic Alphabet
|-
! colspan = "5" | Short vowels
! colspan = "5" | Long vowels
|-
! A || E || I || O || U || Aa || Ee || Ii || Oo || Uu
|-dir="rtl"
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|اَ}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|اَِ}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|اِ}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|اٗ}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|اُ}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|آ}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|اَِيـ / اَِي}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|اي}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|اٝو}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|او}}</span>
|}
|}


Shariifka
7,080

edits

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/319626"

Navigation menu