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==Mayal/Makaahiil==
==Mayal/Makaahiil==


In 1932, ''Mahammad 'Abdi Makaahiil'' ({{lang-so|Maxamed Cabdi Makaahiil}}), a Somali scholar who studied at [[Al-Azhar University]], published a short book titled "Inšāʾ al makātibāt al ʿarabiyyah fīl-luġah as-Sūmāliyyah" ({{lang-ar|إنشاء المكاتبات العربية في اللغة الصوماليّة}}; ''Creating of Arabic correspondences in the Somali language'') in which he printed Somali orthographic conventions as well as several sample letters and many sample proverbs. He built upon earlier work by ''Ibraahim Cabdullaahi Mayal''. In this book, he also argues against those who at the time favored adopting Arabic language as the sole official language of Somalia, and he argued strongly for adopting Arabic Script for Somali language.<ref name="AhmadSheikh"/>
In 1932, ''Mahammad 'Abdi Makaahiil'' (Somali: ''Maxamed Cabdi Makaahiil''), a Somali scholar who studied at Al-Azhar University, published a short book titled "Inšāʾ al makātibāt al ʿarabiyyah fīl-luġah as-Sūmāliyyah" (Arabic: إنشاء المكاتبات العربية في اللغة الصوماليّة; ''Creating of Arabic correspondences in the Somali language'') in which he printed Somali orthographic conventions as well as several sample letters and many sample proverbs. He built upon earlier work by ''Ibraahim Cabdullaahi Mayal''. In this book, he also argues against those who at the time favored adopting Arabic language as the sole official language of Somalia, and he argued strongly for adopting Arabic Script for Somali language.<ref name="AhmadSheikh">Sheikh, Ahmed. “Somali with Arabic Script – a Linguistic Historical Study (Somaliska Med Arabisk Skrift – En Språkhistorisk Studie).” Gothenburg University Publications Electronic Archive, Winter 2019.
[https://web.archive.org/web/20230601144624/https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/handle/2077/63249/gupea_2077_63249_1.pdf]</ref>


Makaahiil's proposed orthography uses the same letters as in Arabic, with only two additional letters, {{Script/Arabic|ڎ}} for /ɖ/ and  {{Script/Arabic|گ}} for /g/. On the other hand, there are 8 consonants in Arabic alphabet that do not exist in Somali language (except for writing Arabic loanwords), which include the letters thāʼ ({{lang|ar|ث}}), dhal ({{lang|ar|ذ}}), zāy ({{lang|ar|ز}}), ṣād ({{lang|ar|ص}}), ḍād ({{lang|ar|ض}}), ṭāʾ ({{lang|ar|ط}}), ẓāʾ ({{lang|ar|ظ}}), and ghayn ({{lang|ar|غ}}).
Makaahiil's proposed orthography uses the same letters as in Arabic, with only two additional letters, ڎ for /ɖ/ and  گ for /g/. On the other hand, there are 8 consonants in Arabic alphabet that do not exist in Somali language (except for writing Arabic loanwords), which include the letters thāʼ (ث), dhal (ذ), zāy (ز), ṣād (ص), ḍād (ض), ṭāʾ (ط), ẓāʾ (ظ), and ghayn (غ).


This writing convention relies on [[Arabic diacritics|vowel diacritics]].
This writing convention relies on [[w:Arabic diacritics|vowel diacritics]].


{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
Line 2,742: Line 2,743:
! colspan="4" |Forms
! colspan="4" |Forms
! rowspan="2" |Sound represented
! rowspan="2" |Sound represented
! rowspan="2" |[[Somali Latin alphabet|Latin]] equivalent
! rowspan="2" |[[w:Somali Latin alphabet|Latin]] equivalent
! rowspan="2" |Notes
! rowspan="2" |Notes
|-
|-
Line 2,750: Line 2,751:
!Initial
!Initial
|-
|-
|ʾalif<br>{{Script|Arab|الف}}
|ʾalif<br>الف
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ا}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ا</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـا}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـا</span>
|
|
|
|
| - / {{IPA|/a/}}
| - / /a/
| -
| -
| ''ʾalif'' has two functions, first as vowel carrier for vowels at the beginning of words. Second for showing long vowel ''"aa"''.
| ''ʾalif'' has two functions, first as vowel carrier for vowels at the beginning of words. Second for showing long vowel ''"aa"''.
|-
|-
| bāʾ<br>{{Script|Arab|باء}}
| bāʾ<br>باء
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ب}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ب</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـب}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـب</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـبـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـبـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|بـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">بـ</span>
|{{IPA|/b/}}
|/b/
|b
|b
|
|
|-
|-
| tāʾ<br>{{Script|Arab|تاء}}
| tāʾ<br>تاء
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ت}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ت</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـت}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـت</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـتـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـتـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|تـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">تـ</span>
|{{IPA|/t/}}
|/t/
|t
|t
|
|
|-
|-
|thāʼ <br>{{Script|Arab|ثاء}}
|thāʼ <br>ثاء
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ث}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ث</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـث}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـث</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـثـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـثـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ثـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ثـ</span>
|{{IPA|/s/}}
|/s/
|s
|s
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
|-
|-
|jīm<br>{{Script|Arab|جيم}}
|jīm<br>جيم
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ج}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ج</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـج}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـج</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـجـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـجـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|جـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">جـ</span>
|{{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}
|/d͡ʒ/
|j
|j
|
|
|-
|-
|ḥāʾ<br>{{Script|Arab|حاء}}
|ḥāʾ<br>حاء
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ح}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ح</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـح}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـح</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـحـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـحـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|حـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">حـ</span>
|{{IPA|/ħ/}}
|/ħ/
|x
|x
|
|
|-
|-
|khāʾ<br>{{Script|Arab|خاء}}
|khāʾ<br>خاء
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|خ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">خ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـخ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـخ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـخـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـخـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|خـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">خـ</span>
|{{IPA|/χ/}}
|/χ/
|kh
|kh
|
|
|-
|-
|dāl<br>{{Script|Arab|دال}}
|dāl<br>دال
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|د}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">د</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـد}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـد</span>
|
|
|
|
|{{IPA|/d/}}
|/d/
|d
|d
|
|
|-
|-
|dhāl<br>{{Script|Arab|ذال}}
|dhāl<br>ذال
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ذ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ذ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـذ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـذ</span>
|
|
|
|
|{{IPA|/d/}}
|/d/
|d
|d
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
|-
|-
|dhā<br>{{Script|Arab|ڎا}}
|dhā<br>ڎا
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ڎ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ڎ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـڎ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـڎ</span>
|
|
|
|
|{{IPA|/ɖ/}}
|/ɖ/
|dh
|dh
|Additional letter not present in Arabic<br>Also historically represented by {{Script|Arab|ط}}
|Additional letter not present in Arabic<br>Also historically represented by ط
|-
|-
|rāʾ<br>{{Script|Arab|راء}}
|rāʾ<br>راء
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ر}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ر</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـر}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـر</span>
|
|
|
|
|{{IPA|/r/}}
|/r/
|r
|r
|
|
|-
|-
|zāʾ<br>{{Script|Arab|زاي}}
|zāʾ<br>زاي
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ز}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ز</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـز}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـز</span>
|
|
|
|
|{{IPA|/z/}}
|/z/
|z
|z
|
|
|-
|-
|sīn<br>{{Script|Arab|سين}}
|sīn<br>سين
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|س}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">س</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـس}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـس</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـسـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـسـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|سـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">سـ</span>
|{{IPA|/s/}}
|/s/
|s
|s
|
|
|-
|-
|shīn<br>{{Script|Arab|شين}}
|shīn<br>شين
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ش}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ش</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـش}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـش</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـشـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـشـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|شـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">شـ</span>
|{{IPA|/ʃ/}}
|/ʃ/
|sh
|sh
|
|
|-
|-
|ṣād<br>{{Script|Arab|صاد}}
|ṣād<br>صاد
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ص}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ص</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـص}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـص</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـصـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـصـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|صـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">صـ</span>
|{{IPA|/s/}}
|/s/
|s
|s
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
|-
|-
|ḍād <br>{{Script|Arab|ضاد}}
|ḍād <br>ضاد
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ض}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ض</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـض}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـض</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـضـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـضـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ضـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ضـ</span>
|{{IPA|/d/}}
|/d/
|d
|d
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
|-
|-
|ṭāʾ<br>{{Script|Arab|طاء}}
|ṭāʾ<br>طاء
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ط}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ط</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـط}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـط</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـطـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـطـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|طـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">طـ</span>
|{{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/ɖ/}}
|/t/, /ɖ/
|t, dh
|t, dh
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.<br>Also historically used for representing "dh" instead of {{Script|Arab|ڎ}}
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.<br>Also historically used for representing "dh" instead of ڎ
|-
|-
|ẓāʾ <br>{{Script|Arab|ظاء}}
|ẓāʾ <br>ظاء
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ظ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ظ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـظ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـظ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـظـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـظـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ظـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ظـ</span>
|{{IPA|/d/}}~{{IPA|/z/}}
|/d/~/z/
|d, z
|d, z
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords. Some such loan words are written in Latin with "z", others with "d".
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords. Some such loan words are written in Latin with "z", others with "d".
|-
|-
|ʿayn<br>{{Script|Arab|عين}}
|ʿayn<br>عين
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ع}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ع</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـع}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـع</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـعـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـعـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|عـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">عـ</span>
|{{IPA|/ʕ/}}
|/ʕ/
| c
| c
|
|
|-
|-
|ghayn<br>{{Script|Arab|غين}}
|ghayn<br>غين
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|غ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">غ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـغ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـغ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـغـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـغـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|غـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">غـ</span>
|{{IPA|/ɣ/}}~{{IPA|/g/}}
|/ɣ/~/g/
|g
|g
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
|-
|-
|fāʾ<br>{{Script|Arab|فاء}}
|fāʾ<br>فاء
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ف}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ف</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـف}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـف</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـفـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـفـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|فـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">فـ</span>
|{{IPA|/f/}}
|/f/
|f
|f
|
|
|-
|-
|qāf<br>{{Script|Arab|قاف}}
|qāf<br>قاف
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ق}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ق</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـق}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـق</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـقـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـقـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|قـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">قـ</span>
|{{IPA|/q/}}
|/q/
|q
|q
|
|
|-
|-
|kāf<br>{{Script|Arab|كاف}}
|kāf<br>كاف
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ك}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ك</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـك}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـك</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـكـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـكـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|كـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">كـ</span>
|{{IPA|/k/}}
|/k/
|k
|k
|  
|  
|-
|-
|gāʾ<br>{{Script|Arab|گاء}}
|gāʾ<br>گاء
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|گ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">گ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـگ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـگ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـگـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـگـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|گـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">گـ</span>
|{{IPA|/ɡ/}}
|/ɡ/
|g
|g
|Additional letter not present in Arabic.
|Additional letter not present in Arabic.
|-
|-
|lām<br>{{Script|Arab|لام}}
|lām<br>لام
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ل}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ل</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـل}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـل</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـلـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـلـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|لـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">لـ</span>
|{{IPA|/l/}}
|/l/
|l
|l
|
|
|-
|-
|mīm<br>{{Script|Arab|ميم}}
|mīm<br>ميم
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|م}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">م</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـم}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـم</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـمـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـمـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|مـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">مـ</span>
|{{IPA|/m/}}
|/m/
|m
|m
|
|
|-
|-
|{{Transl|jv|nun}}<br>{{Script|Arab|نون}}
|{{Transl|jv|nun<br>نون
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ن}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ن</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـن}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـن</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـنـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـنـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|نـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">نـ</span>
|{{IPA|/n/}}
|/n/
|n
|n
|
|
|-
|-
|wāw<br>{{Script|Arab|واو}}
|wāw<br>واو
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|و}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">و</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـو}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـو</span>
|
|
|
|
|{{IPA|/w/}}<Br>{{IPA|/ɞ:/}}, {{IPA|/ɔ:/}}, {{IPA|/ʉ:/}}, {{IPA|/u:/}}
|/w/<Br>/ɞ:/, /ɔ:/, /ʉ:/, /u:/
|w and oo, uu
|w and oo, uu
|The letter ''wāw'' serves two functions. First is as a vowel, with a sound [w]. Second is in writing of long vowels "oo" and "uu".
|The letter ''wāw'' serves two functions. First is as a vowel, with a sound [w]. Second is in writing of long vowels "oo" and "uu".
|-
|-
|hāʾ<br>{{Script|Arab|هاء}}
|hāʾ<br>هاء
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ه}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ه</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـه}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـه</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـهـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـهـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|هـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">هـ</span>
|{{IPA|/h/}}
|/h/
|h
|h
|
|
|-
|-
|yāʾ<br>{{Script|Arab|ياء}}
|yāʾ<br>ياء
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ي}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ي</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـي}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـي</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـيـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـيـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|يـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">يـ</span>
|{{IPA|/j/}}<Br>{{IPA|/e:/}}, {{IPA|/ɛ:/}}, {{IPA|/i:/}}, {{IPA|/ɪ:/}}
|/j/<Br>/e:/, /ɛ:/, /i:/, /ɪ:/
| y, ee, ii
| y, ee, ii
| The letter ''yāʾ'' serves two functions. First is as a vowel, with a sound [j]. Second is in writing of long vowels "ee" and "ii".
| The letter ''yāʾ'' serves two functions. First is as a vowel, with a sound [j]. Second is in writing of long vowels "ee" and "ii".
|-
|-
|hamzah<br>{{Script|Arab|همزة}}
|hamzah<br>همزة
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ء}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ء</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|{{IPA|/ʔ/}}
|/ʔ/
| ’
| ’
|  
|  
|}
|}


As for vowels, in [[Somali phonology]], there are five vowel articulations. These vowel articulations can either be [[Vowel length|short or long]]. Each vowel also has a harmonic counterpart, expressed either at the front or at the back of the mouth. Somali words follow a [[vowel harmony]] rule. However, Somali orthography, neither [[Somali Latin alphabet]], nor Arabic alphabet, nor [[Osmanya alphabet]] distinguish between the two vowel harmony sets.
As for vowels, in [[w:Somali phonology|Somali]], there are five vowel articulations. These vowel articulations can either be [[Vowel length|short or long]]. Each vowel also has a harmonic counterpart, expressed either at the front or at the back of the mouth. Somali words follow a vowel harmony rule. However, Somali orthography, neither [[w:Somali Latin alphabet|Somali Latin alphabet]], nor Arabic alphabet, nor [[w:Osmanya alphabet|Osmanya alphabet]] distinguish between the two vowel harmony sets.


A shortcoming of the Arabic script for Somali language, is that while Somali has 5 vowels, Arabic has 3. This was where, Galaal got the most creative, coming up with brand new letters to represent vowels. In the 1961 Somali Language Committee Report, several other Arabic proposals were also listed, where other solutions were proposed for showing the 5 short vowels and 5 long vowels. None of these other proposals gained traction.<ref name="Qutbi1961">Qutbi, A. Sh. A. “The Report of the Somali Language Committee, 1961.” Internet Archive, May 15, 1961. [https://archive.org/details/LinguisticReport1961 https://archive.org/details/LinguisticReport1961].</ref>
A shortcoming of the Arabic script for Somali language, is that while Somali has 5 vowels, Arabic has 3. This was where, Galaal got the most creative, coming up with brand new letters to represent vowels. In the 1961 Somali Language Committee Report, several other Arabic proposals were also listed, where other solutions were proposed for showing the 5 short vowels and 5 long vowels. None of these other proposals gained traction.<ref name="Qutbi1961">Qutbi, A. Sh. A. “The Report of the Somali Language Committee, 1961.” Internet Archive, May 15, 1961. [https://archive.org/details/LinguisticReport1961 https://archive.org/details/LinguisticReport1961].</ref>
Line 3,045: Line 3,046:
! -a || -e || -i || -o || -u
! -a || -e || -i || -o || -u
|-dir="rtl"
|-dir="rtl"
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|◌َ}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌َ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|◌َِ}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌َِ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ِ}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ِ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ٗ}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ٗ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ُ}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ُ</span>
|}
|}


Line 3,057: Line 3,058:
! -aa || -ee || -ii || -oo || -uu
! -aa || -ee || -ii || -oo || -uu
|-dir="rtl"
|-dir="rtl"
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|ـا}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـا</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|◌َِيـ / ◌َِي}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌َِيـ / ◌َِي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|يـ / ي}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">يـ / ي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ٗو}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ٗو</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|و / ـو}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">و / ـو</span>
|}
|}


Vowels, when occurring at the beginning of words, are placed on top of ''alif'' (ا). Long vowels are written as they would in the middle of the word, except that ''wāw'' (و), and ''yāʾ'' (ي) would be preceded by ''alif'' instead of another consonant.The exception to this convention is long vowel [aa], where similar to Arabic, ''[[Arabic_diacritics#Maddah|alif madda]]'' (آ) is used.<ref name="AhmadSheikh"/>
Vowels, when occurring at the beginning of words, are placed on top of ''alif'' (ا). Long vowels are written as they would in the middle of the word, except that ''wāw'' (و), and ''yāʾ'' (ي) would be preceded by ''alif'' instead of another consonant.The exception to this convention is long vowel [aa], where similar to Arabic, ''[[w:Arabic_diacritics#Maddah|alif madda]]'' (آ) is used.<ref name="AhmadSheikh"/>


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
Line 3,074: Line 3,075:
! A || E || I || O || U || Aa || Ee || Ii || Oo || Uu
! A || E || I || O || U || Aa || Ee || Ii || Oo || Uu
|-dir="rtl"
|-dir="rtl"
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|اَ}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اَ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|اَِ}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اَِ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|اِ}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اِ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|اٗ}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اٗ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|اُ}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اُ</span>


| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|آ}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">آ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|اَِيـ / اَِي}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اَِيـ / اَِي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|اي}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|اٝو}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اٝو</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|او}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">او</span>
|}
|}
Shariifka
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