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Moshurian (view source)

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{{construction}}
{{infobox language
{{Infobox language
| image = [[File:Uthilikh-in-alphabet.png|300px]]
| image = [[File:Uthilikh-in-alphabet.png|300px]]
| imagecaption = The Moshurian endonym(''uthilikh'') written in Moshurian script.
| imagecaption = The Moshurian endonym(''uthilikh'') written in Moshurian script.
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| nativename = uthilikh
| nativename = uthilikh
| pronunciation = ˈuð.ilix
| pronunciation = ˈuð.ilix
| pronunciation_key = IPA
| pronunciation_key = IPA for Moshurian
| speakers = ~450,000,000
| ethnicity = Moshurians
| speakers = 410,000,000
| speakers2 = [[w:Second language|L2]]: 40,000,000
| date = 400 UH
| date = 400 UH
| setting = Radael
| setting = Radael
| creator = [[User:Jukethatbox|Jukethatbox]]
| creator = User:Jukethatbox
| state = Moshurian Empire
| state = Moshurian Empire
| scripts = * Moshurian alphabet
| scripts = * Moshurian alphabet
* Moshurian Romanisation
| familycolor = Indo-European
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam1 = [[Proto-Yeldhic|Yeldhic]]
| fam1 = [[Yeldhic languages|Yeldhic]]
| fam2 = Tiachbric
| fam2 = Paleoyeldhic
| fam3 = Týbric
| fam3 = Tulooric
| ancestor1 = Kóftąbriác Yeldha
| ancestor1 = Kóftąbriác Yeldha
| ancestor2 = Proto-Tiachbric
| ancestor2 = Proto-Tulooric
| ancestor3 = Proto-Týbric
| ancestor3 = Early Moshurian
| ancestor4 = Early Moshurian
| ancestor4 = Ancient Moshurian
| ancestor5 = Ancient Moshurian
| ancestor5 = Middle Moshurian
| ancestor6 = Middle Moshurian
| stand1 = Taráhus Moshurian
| stand1 = Taráhus Moshurian
| dia1 = Taráhus dialect(''Taráhuir gugtui'')
| dia1 = Taráhus dialect(''Taráhus gugtui'')<br>
| dia2 = Oalan dialect(''Oalanir gugtui'')
** Oźmaneli dialect(''Oźmaneli gugtui'')
| dia3 = Loïha dialect(''Loïhir gugtui'')
| dia2 = Oalan dialect(''Oalan gugtui'')
| dia4 = Odezyë dialect(''Odezyir gugtui'')
| dia3 = Loïha dialect(''Loïha gugtui'')
| dia5 = Far East dialect(''Dmuriékhir gugtui'')
| dia4 = Odezyë dialect(''Odezyë gugtui'')
| dia6 = Sépenzg dialect(''Sépenzgir gugtui'')
| dia5 = Far East dialect(''Dmuriékh gugtui'')
| dia6 = Sépenzg dialect(''Sépenzg gugtui'')
| agency = Ministry of Linguistic Regulation
| agency = Ministry of Linguistic Regulation
| nation = Moshurian Empire<br>Iśatúr Confederacy
| nation = Moshurian Empire<br>Iśatúr Confederacy
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| notice = IPA
| notice = IPA
}}
}}
'''Moshurian'''(''uthilikh'') is a Týbric language spoken in mostly Talkoch. It is the most spoken language in Talkoch, and also has significant minority communities on Etzeán Island and the Eastern Gegfen Alliance, also called the ''Dmuriékh''(lit. "far away east"). It is the sole official language of the Moshurian Empire, and is thoroughly used administratively and academically in the Moshurian Empire, no matter what one's mother tongue is.
'''Moshurian'''([[w:Endonym|endonym]]: ''uthilikh''; <small>Moshurian:</small> [[IPA for Moshurian|<nowiki>[ˈuðˌilix]</nowiki>]]) is a Tulooric language spoken in mostly Talkoch. It is the most spoken language in Talkoch, and also has significant minority communities on [[Etzeá|Etzeán]] Island and the Eastern Gegfen Alliance, also called the ''Dmuriékh''(lit. "far away east"). It is the sole official language of the Moshurian Empire, and is thoroughly used administratively and academically in the Moshurian Empire, no matter what one's mother tongue is.


Philologically, the language is of the [[Yeldhic languages|Yeldhic]] language superfamily, which also includes languages like [[Ilda]] and [[Barbuz]]. Within the superfamily, it is of the '''Paleoyeldhic''' branch: a deviation of [[Proto-Yeldhic]] spoken by the first Proto-Yeldhic farmers in the fertile Ulmic Crescent and around the rivers of Zád and Pêrush. The Moshurians are of a Paleoyeldhic origin, and are most likely ethnically related to the ''β''-Paleoyeldhics, who advanced south into the wider Tarám River Basin and settled in the temperate Munsanukh Valley and the coast of Tuloor Lake, where the split between the Tulooric branch of languages, of which Moshurian is part of, and the Najmunsaic branch of languages, of which Aquq and Hátuli is part of, occured around 3000 UH.
It is one of the only surviving languages indigenous to the Munsanukh Valley, which is generally considered, alongside Tuloor Lake, to be the birthplace of the Moshurian race, culture and language.
==Usage==
===In the Moshurian Empire===
Moshurian is the official language of the Moshurian Empire, and 98% of Moshurian speakers live in the Empire. However, demographically speaking, the Moshurians make up a much less impressive 43.6% of the total Moshurian Empire population, with other important ethnic groups including the Mezcoi in the Mezco Delta at 24.1% of the population. The [[Arnic]] people, although the majority live in the Moshurian vassal of Arnah, make up about 11.7% of the population and that number shoots up to 21.9% of the population if one includes Arnah.
Though the 394BH Ethnic Minority Media and Information Transmission Bill legally mandates media to be translated into the majority language of any prefecture, Moshurian-majority prefectures are still the most economically developed and powerful, so many still learn Moshurian as a second language for work in these Moshurian-majority regions.
As of 400 BH, there are 40,000,000 people who speak Moshurian as a second language out of a total speaker base of 450,000,000, or about 8.88% of the total Moshurian speaker population.
===In the Iśatúr Confederacy===
The Iśatúr Confederacy, a tribal federation comprising mostly of tribes that speak [[Yeldhic languages#Sub-families|Ossic languages]], has a significant minority of Moshurian speakers in the south of the country, dating back to the Moshurian Empire's colonial efforts to "Moshurianise" the Empire from 96 BH-370 BH.
About 84,000 people of the total population of 5,000,000 in the Confederacy spoke Moshurian in 400  BH, or around 1.98% of the population.
===In Gegfen===
In the Far East of Birnu, a region called Gegfen is home to about 40,000 "Far East" Moshurians. Why they speak Moshurian so far away from Moshuria itself is a mystery, as the region was never occupied by the Moshurian Empire.
Their dialect differs very little from mainland Taráhus Moshurians; see ''[[Moshurian#Far East dialect|§Far East dialect]]''.
==Origin==
===Ancestors===
====Comparative morphology====
{| class=bluetable lightbluebg style="text-align: center;"
! colspan=2 | !! Early Moshurian !! Old Moshurian !! Middle Moshurian !! Modern Moshurian
|-
! rowspan=5 | Word
! "cow"
| ''*mosuk'' || ''mosuk'' || ''musuk'' || ''mosok''
|-
! "eye"
| ''*faleH'' || ''felekh'' || ''fale'' || ''fáli''
|-
! "grass"
| ''*syö'' || ''siu'' || ''soi'' || ''sö''
|-
! "emotion"
| ''*mḗHwēg''<ref>See [[Moshurian#Iki-Duki's law|Iki-Duki's law]].</ref> || ''meşek'' || ''màfhek'' || ''mufhe''
|-
! "Moshurian"
| ''*uðileH'' || ''uthilikmöim'' || ''uthilikmui'' || ''uthilikh/uthilikmë''
|}
====Early Moshurian====
'''Early Moshurian''', also alternatively called '''Proto-Moshurian''', is the earliest form of the Moshurian language, although it is still only hypothesised, as Moshurian was not recorded until Old Moshurian. Most of Early Moshurian's vocabulary is instead [[w:Comparative reconstruction|comparatively reconstructed]] from later forms of Moshurian, as well as earlier proto-languages like [[Proto-Tulooric]] and sometimes as far back as [[Proto-Yeldhic]].
=====Iki-Duki's law=====
In the transistory period between Early and Old Moshurian, the /Hw/ sounds found in Early Moshurian post-alveolised to become /ʃ/ in Old Moshurian. This sound change, which seems to only have occured in Moshuric and Aquqi derivations, is often known in Radael linguistic areas as '''Iki-Duki's law''', as it was first hypothesised by a Kutic nomadic linguist called Iki-Duki, who studied phonological differences between his native Kutic and Moshurian. Although Iki-Duki's most famous contribution to the linguistics community was his classification of Kutic as part of the at the time still considered areal language family Ebró, his findings later snowballed into further study into other Moshuric languages and his hypothesis.
The law was first attested by Arnic linguist Môhwod ða-Téfir himself, and one of his first of many contributions to the linguistic community.
====Old Moshurian====
Old Moshurian is the oldest orthographically attested ancestor of Moshurian. Its oldest known written work is the ''Māgiswāska Kovinās''("Magistrates' Jurisdiction"; Old Moshurian: ''TàGevoch Kominazà''; Modern Moshurian: ''TaMamidakh Kominaz''), a document that was originally written in [[Ilda]] but translated into Old Moshurian.
Old Moshurian is also the primary appearance and attestation of Iki-Duki's law. Compare Early Moshurian ''*mḗHwēg'' and Old Moshurian ''meşek''.
=====Roōka's law=====
Roōka was another linguist who studied Moshuric sound changes, and he hypothesised and attested his own law of Moshuric sound changes, in which inset /ʃ/ allophones labialised to become Middle Moshurian /ɸ/.
Roōka's law was preserved into most dialects of Modern Moshurian, though the [[Moshurian#Sépenzg dialect|Sépenzg dialect]] still preserved Old Moshurian phonology, though strangely the morphology has stayed on course with other Modern Moshurian dialects.
====Middle Moshurian====
Middle Moshurian, also called '''Classical Moshurian''', is the most recently spoken ancestor of Moshurian. Its development saw the emergence of the standard written Moshurian script, which developed from the "Bone-etch" script used by the Bâ(Modern Moshurian: ''Bákh'') clan of Northern Maranösia.
It differs from Modern Moshurian by how many more final consonants there are on nouns. In Modern Moshurian, many final velar plosives were dropped, such as in Middle Moshurian ''màfhek'' turning into Modern Moshurian ''mufhe''.
===Endonym===
The Moshurian endonym, ''[[Contionary:uthilikh|uthilikh]]'', is most likely derived from Moshurian mythology, in which the god of creation's daughter, Khaurnán, sent her son, ''Uthiliran'', to lead the Moshurian people. Etymologically, the word is probably derived from the Proto-Yeldhic word ''*ʕʷliés'', which most likely meant "small lake" or "pond", possibly referring to Tuloor Lake, which is deduced to be the Moshurian homeland.
===Exonym===
Their exonym of ''Moshurian'' comes from a nomadic legend of the god of travel and nomads, Dündŵęk, who traveled to Tuloor Lake(the homeland of the Moshurians) in search of an inn to rest. The Moshurians had plenty of inns(''möşhüř'' as they are called in Ancient Yeldha), and Dündŵęk was finally able to rest. After departing, he thanked the Moshurians, and later mentioned them to the other gods as simply ''möşhüřiànöřmà'', or "inn people". This exonym stuck within nomadic circles, who then passed the exonym to the more settled peoples of Talkoch.
Their exonym of ''Moshurian'' comes from a nomadic legend of the god of travel and nomads, Dündŵęk, who traveled to Tuloor Lake(the homeland of the Moshurians) in search of an inn to rest. The Moshurians had plenty of inns(''möşhüř'' as they are called in Ancient Yeldha), and Dündŵęk was finally able to rest. After departing, he thanked the Moshurians, and later mentioned them to the other gods as simply ''möşhüřiànöřmà'', or "inn people". This exonym stuck within nomadic circles, who then passed the exonym to the more settled peoples of Talkoch.
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Orthography===
===Orthography===
[[File:Moshurian-alphabet.jpeg|300px|thumb|left|The Moshurian alphabet, with phonemic pronunciation.]]
Moshurian has its own script that is read right-to-left, top-to-bottom. Each symbol can be easily deciphered by simply looking at how high or low the symbol is. If the symbol goes down below the line on the paper, it is a consonant.
Moshurian has its own script that is read right-to-left, top-to-bottom. Each symbol can be easily deciphered by simply looking at how high or low the symbol is. If the symbol goes down below the line on the paper, it is a consonant.


It's origin is heavily debated. The general consensus is that it developed from Hátuli script which in itself probably developed from Kutic cuneiform, although some prominent alternate theories include a possible link to [[Proto-Yeldhic]] runes. Some have said the script originates in [[Proto-Taskaric]] record-taking which probably arrived during the Early Oalanii Period<ref>The Oalanii Period, also known as the Oalanii Migration, was when early Izhkut peoples began to migrate west towards Talkoch in waves, most likely due to poor crop harvests in the tumultuous nature of the Petré river. They eventually settled in the still existing city of Oalan.</ref>. Some have said that the shape of some plosive characters corresponds with the symbol for "blood" in the logographic orthography of Ancient Izhkut, which was probably pronounced ''*gūpūdėt''.
The sound /h/ is represented with the〈kh〉glyph, and the /ɸ/ sound is represented by the 〈fh〉dipthong, transcripted as ⟨fkh⟩.
====Origin====
The origin of the Moshurian alphabet is heavily debated. According to the ''Gécheb Bizörith'', the Moshurian alphabet was designed by a secret society called Akhakuöm, who took inspiration from the Tiragii military cuneiform. Eventually after the bust of Akhakuöm by the Moshurian state, the script was changed to fit the standard Moshurian dialect and re-issued as the government Moshurian alphabet.
 
In the Sóvók religion, one of the books in the ''Idērigidwi'' claims that a man named Udeldoi presented a script to the king of Moshuria so as to record military victories for propaganda.
 
Both of these interpretations are considered simply as urban legend, as orthographic analysis of the ''Izkanà''(one of the earliest Moshurian documents) by calligraphers showed that the early Moshurian alphabet had many similarities with the logographic [[Oalanii]]<ref>''[[Oalanii]]'' is an archeological term used to describe the Proto-Taskaric inhabitants of what is now the city of Oalan. Although the [[Oalanii]] had their own script, no surviving documentation mentions their actual endonym, so they are called the [[Oalanii]] after the city where the first archeological remains of ancient Oalan were found.</ref> script, which may have influenced Munsanukh orthographies as a whole.
 
The glyphs for /b/ comes from [[Oalanii]] ''*ʕbạn'', while the glyph for /d/ comes from [[Oalanii]] ''*dḕmsir''.
====Abjad form====
The Moshurian alphabet can be written in an [[w:Abjad|abjad]] form, although this is mostly used by [[Kutic]] traders who adapted the Moshurian alphabet to a structure similar to their own native [[Kutic#Orthography|Kutic script]], which itself is an abjad.
 
The form mostly follows the rules of the [[Kutic#Orthography|Kutic abjad]], such as no inset vowels being represented, although the glyphs for ⟨a⟩ and ⟨á⟩ are used in an onset position.
 
The Moshurian Empire does not officially recognise the abjad form, and even in traditionally Kutic-dominated territories, such as along east to west trade routes, children are taught the alphabetical form of the script when learning Moshurian.


===Consonants===
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes
|+ Consonant phonemes
|-
|-
!  
!  
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labiodental consonant|Labiodental]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Dental consonant|Dental]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Dental consonant|Dental]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br>alveolar]]/<br>[[w:Palatal consonant|palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br>alveolar]]/<br>[[w:Palatal consonant|palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]/<br>[[w:Velar consonant|velar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]/<br>[[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | &nbsp;[[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|ɡ]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | &nbsp;[[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|ɡ]]
|-
|-
! [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" |  || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial fricative|ɸ]] || style="border-left:0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] || style="border-left:0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] || style="border-left:0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | ([[w:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]])<ref>Only used in certain dialects. Still orthographically represented as 〈th〉.</ref> || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar fricative|ʒ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar fricative|ʒ]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
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|-
|-
! [[w:Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
! [[w:Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
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|-
|-
! [[w:Flap consonant|Flap]]
! [[w:Flap consonant|Flap]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
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| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|}
|}
===Vowels===
===Vowels===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{|class="lightbluebg bluetable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowel phonemes
|+ Vowel phonemes
|-
|-
! !! colspan="2" | [[w:Front vowel|Front]] !! [[w:Near-front vowel|Near-front]] !! [[w:Central vowel|Central]] !! [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
! !! colspan="2" | [[w:Front vowel|Front]] !![[w:Near-front vowel|Near-<br>front]] !! [[w:Central vowel|Central]] !! [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
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|-
|-
! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
| colspan="2"| || || [[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]([[w:Mid central vowel|ə̃]]) ||  
| colspan="2"| || || [[w:Mid central vowel|ə̃]] ||  
|-
|-
! [[w:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
! [[w:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
Line 139: Line 217:
| colspan="2" | [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]] || || || [[w:Open back unrounded vowel|ɑ]]
| colspan="2" | [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]] || || || [[w:Open back unrounded vowel|ɑ]]
|}
|}
===Prosody===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Stress====
Stress in Moshurian is paroxytonic, meaning stress is placed on the penultimate syllable of a word, e.g. '''[[Contionary:zazuŋ|zazuŋ]]''', pronounced [ˈzaˌzuŋ], or '''[[Contionary:uthilikh|uthilikh]]''', pronounced [ˈuð.ilix].
Stress in Moshurian is paroxytonic, meaning stress is placed on the penultimate syllable of a word, e.g. '''[[Contionary:zazuŋ|zazuŋ]]''', pronounced [[IPA for Moshurian|<nowiki>[ˈzaˌzuŋ]</nowiki>]], or '''[[Contionary:uthilikh|uthilikh]]''', pronounced [[IPA for Moshurian|<nowiki>[ˈuð.ilix]</nowiki>]].
 
===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
Syllables in Moshurian typically follow the pattern of '''(C)V(C)''', or '''(consonant)-vowel-(consonant)'''.
Syllables in Moshurian typically follow the pattern of '''(C)(C)V(V)(C)(C)<ref>Velar fricatives(/x/) can not be followed by glides(/j/).</ref>'''.


===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==
==Morphology==
===Tenses===
<small>''See also: [[Moshurian/Swadesh list]].''</small>
In Moshurian, there are four main tenses- the present, the future, the far future and the simple past. To indicate that a phrase is in a certain tense, an ''indicator'' is used just before the object, e.g. '''''öş''' gersetigéd kestolék''(I built a house).
===Loanwords===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
Despite Moshurian being the dominant Yeldhic language by far, with basically every other language in Radael borrowing at the very least some words from Moshurian, it may come as a surprise that despite this, Moshurian has borrowed many, many words from all kinds of languages throughout its history.
|+ Tense indicators
====Ilda's influence====
|-
Moshurian has borrowed thousands of words from Ilda, mostly regarding medical and scientific studies. Some examples include:
! Present !! Future !! Far Future !! Simple Past
=====Medical terms=====
|-
* ''zudözaba'' from Ilda ''sudusāpas'', "tibia"
| (uź) || ïş || ïşé || öş
* ''[[Contionary:milindya|milindya]]'' from Ilda ''[[Contionary:milendia|milendia]]'', "coronary heart disease", ''lit.'' "vein(''[[Contionary:mileni|mileni]]'') disease(''[[Contionary:dio|dio]]'')"
|}
* ''sagindya'' from Ilda ''sagindia'', "leukemia"
The present tense indicator, ''uź'', is used like a [[w:Accidental (music)|natural]] in music. By default, no indicator is used to indicate the present in a non-contextual sentence, but as indicators are continuous, meaning that if an indicator is placed then all succeeding sentences will be in the indicator's tense until a new indicator appears, ''uź'' may be needed to clarify that a sentence does not follow the tense of the previous sentence.<br>
* ''ranoskoi'' from Ilda ''ranoscan'', "medication"
'''Example:''' ''öş abáragéd udubék. budur ibiş.'' - ''I went to the park. It '''was'''<ref>Note the continuous past tense.</ref> great.''<br>
* ''sespid'' from Ilda ''sāspidi'', "nurse"
''ös abáragéd udubék. uź budur ibiş.'' - ''I went to the park. (The park) '''is''' great.''
* ''ustrim'' from Ilda ''ustrēm'', "doctor"
===Nouns===
 
Nouns in Moshurian have two forms: the '''infinitive''' and the '''accusative'''. The infinitive, like with verbs, is essentially the raw form of the noun, with no suffixes. The accusative is the infinitive + the suffix ''-géd'', and is used when a verb is ''acting upon'' an object in a sentence. There are some exceptions, such as nouns who's infinitive end with /ŋ/, such as ''[[Contionary:zazuŋ|zazuŋ]]'', and in this case the suffix changes from ''-géd'' to ''-éd''.
=====Non-medical terms=====
* ''safhilon'' from Ilda ''saphilon'', "philosophy"
* ''istakon'' from Ilda ''istāklon'', "strategy/military strategy"
* ''makistu'' from Ilda ''machirstun'', "administration(archaic term)"
* ''irkiman'' from Ilda ''irkimano'', "regulation(s)"
* ''meşasel'' from Ilda ''meswasālia'', "physics and chemistry"(considered the same subject in Ilda)
* ''estanik'' from Ilda ''estāniki'', "geology"


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Verbs in Moshurian are inflected by default with the infinitve suffix ''-omh'', and then the root of the verb (e.g. ''dáfhér'' in ''dáfhéromh'', to eat) is inflected with a different suffix depending on the pronoun.
Verbs in Moshurian are inflected with the infinitive suffix ''-omh'', and then it can be further conjugated based on pronoun.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Suffixes
|+ Suffixes
|-
|-
Line 182: Line 267:
| '''They''' || ''-iş'' || ''-éiméş''
| '''They''' || ''-iş'' || ''-éiméş''
|}
|}
'''Example:''' ''ché dáfhérék, er dáfhérot.''(lit. no eat-1.SG, but eat-2.SG.)
====Example====
{{Msh-reg-C|dáfhér}}
===Numerals===
Numerals in Moshurian are labelled as cardinal by adding the suffix ''-i'' to a number.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
! Moshurian !! English
|-
| ''[[Contionary:iyg|iyg]]'' || one
|-
| ''[[Contionary:oyamö|oyamö]]'' || two
|-
| ''[[Contionary:tikré|tikré]]'' || three
|-
| ''[[Contionary:igoyà|igoyà]]'' || four
|-
| ''[[Contionary:tikoyam|tikoyam]]'' || five
|-
|}
===Pronouns===
====Demonstrative====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Demonstrative pronouns
|-
! English translation !! Pronoun
|-
| this || ''[[Contionary:gá|gá]]''
|-
| that || ''[[Contionary:gánué|gánué]]''
|-
| these || ''[[Contionary:gáloŋ|gáloŋ]]''
|-
| those || ''[[Contionary:gánuéloŋ|gánuéloŋ]]''
|}
====Personal====
Personal pronouns in Moshurian are, for the most part, identical to their verb inflections.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Personal pronouns
|-
! !! '''Singular''' !! '''Plural'''
|-
| '''First person''' || ''ék'' || ''ékeŋ''
|-
| '''Second person''' || ''ot'' || ''otuŋ''
|-
| '''He''' || ''eź'' || ''iŋź''
|-
| '''She''' || ''aş'' || ''aŋéş''
|-
| '''They''' || ''iş'' || ''éiméş''
|}
====Possessive====
Possessive pronouns in Moshurian are identical to personal pronouns, except that they add the prefix ''ta-'' before the personal pronoun.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Possessive pronouns
|-
! !! '''Singular''' !! '''Plural'''
|-
| '''First person''' || ''taék'' || ''taékeŋ''
|-
| '''Second person''' || ''taot'' || ''taotuŋ''
|-
| '''He''' || ''taeź'' || ''taiŋź''
|-
| '''She''' || ''tayaş'' || ''tayaŋéş''
|-  
| '''They''' || ''taiş'' || ''taéiméş''
|}
The exceptions to this rule are the male third person possessive pronoun, where the prefix ''tay-'' is used instead because the personal pronouns begin in ''a-''.


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===
Moshurian uses an '''OSV'''(object-subject-verb) sentence structure, such as in the sentence ''sö kél mosok dáfhéréiméş''(grass PL cow eat-3PL), or "cows eat grass".
Modern Moshurian uses an '''OSV'''(object-subject-verb) sentence structure.
====Verb order====
In Moshurian, in the event of two verbs, the first, "initiating" verb('''V₁''') is conjugated based on the context, while the second('''V₂''') is in infinitive. However, many Moshurian speakers, especially in Maranösia, do not conjugate the second verb in infinitive, which is a defining feature of the region's vernacular.
 
====Noun-adjective order====
Noun-adjective order is free, though most people put the adjective following the noun.


===Cases===
Moshurian has three noun cases: the '''nominative''', the '''accusative''' and the '''genitive'''. The nominative is not indicated, while the accusative is indicated with a ''-géd/-éd'' suffix for all nouns but pronouns and the suffix ''-e'' for pronouns. The genitive case is indicated with the
prefix ''ta-''.
{| class=bluetable lightbluebg style="text-align: center";
! colspan=2 |
! Nominative !! Accusative !! Genitive
|-
! rowspan=2 | Noun
! Consonant-ending
| rowspan=4 | -
| ''-éd''
| rowspan=4 | ''ta-''
|-
! Vowel-ending
| ''-géd''
|-
! colspan=2 | Pronoun
|  ''-e''
|-
|}
===Particles===
====Tense particles====
In Moshurian, there are four main tenses- the present, the future, the far future and the simple past. To indicate that a phrase is in a certain tense, a ''particle'' is used just before the object, e.g. '''''öş''' gersetigéd kestolék''(I built a house).
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Tense particles
|-
! Present !! Future !! Far Future !! Past
|-
| (uź) || ïş || ïşé || öş
|}
The present tense particle, ''uź'', is used like a [[w:Accidental (music)|natural]] in music. By default, no particle is used to indicate the present in a non-contextual sentence, but as particles are continuous, meaning that if a particle is placed then all succeeding sentences will be in the particle's tense until a new particle appears, ''uź'' may be needed to clarify that a sentence does not follow the tense of the previous sentence.<br>
'''Example:''' ''öş abáragéd udubék. budur ibiş.'' - ''I went to the park. It '''was'''<ref>Note the continuous past tense.</ref> great.''<br>
''ös abáragéd udubék. '''uź''' budur ibiş.'' - ''I went to the park. (The park) '''is''' great.''
====Other particles====
* '''[[Contionary:ché|ché]]''' - negative particle, roughly translates to no/not/non- in English.
* '''[[Contionary:duà|duà]]''' - imperative particle, indicates a sentence is imperative. Can also mean the adjective "imperative" in general, though most speakers differentiate the two meanings by using ''duànaga'' for the latter meaning.
===Noun phrase===
===Noun phrase===
: ''Sögéd kél mosok dáfhéréiméş.''
: ''grass-<small>ACC</small> <small>PL</small> cow(<small>PL</small>) eat-<small>3PL</small>.''
: ''Cows eat grass.''
In this sentence, ''[[Contionary:sö|sö]]<nowiki>géd</nowiki>'' is the object, ''[[Contionary:mosok|mosok]]'' is the subject, and ''[[Contionary:dáfhéromh|dáfhér]]éiméş'' is the verb with inflection. in noun phrases, Moshurian still uses the object-subject-verb structure.
===Verb phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
<small>''See also:[[Moshurian#Verbs|Verbs]].</small>
===Dependent clauses===
: ''sögéd duà ché dáfhér!''
: ''grass-<small>ACC</small> <small>IMP</small> no eat!''
: ''Do not eat the grass!''
In imperative verb phrases, the ''imperative particle'', ''duà'', is put before the verb, as ''ché'' is still considered, at least grammatically, part of the verb when present. Additionally, verbs take on their '''root''' form, as opposed to their infinitive form in said sentence type.
 
In this sentence, ''[[Contionary:sö|sö]]géd'' is the object, and the verb is ''[[Contionary:dáfhéromh|dáfhér]]''. The subject does not appear and is instead implied to be the recipient of the imperative phrase.
 
==Dialects==
===Standard dialect===
The standard dialect of Moshurian is, according to the Ministry of Linguistic Regulation(MLR), officially the Taráhus dialect spoken in the capital, although Tárahus is so large that several districts have developed their own dialects, so it is still unclear on which is considered the standard within the family of Taráhus dialects.
====Inner Taráhus dialect====
The Inner Taráhus dialect is generally considered by Moshurian linguistics to be what the MLR constitution means in the line: <blockquote>"''[...] The dialect '''spoken around the capitol and the [MLR]''' shall be considered the dialect to be used for the transmission of necessary information to Moshurian citizens. For non-Moshurian areas of the Empire, the standard [dialect]<ref>The original constitution uses the word "edition"(''[[Contionary:kuchbarà|kuchbarà]]'') to refer to standard dialects of minority languages, which is kind of confusing.</ref> of the most prominent non-Moshurian language shall be used to convey said information.''"</blockquote>
However, this quote can be considered quite vague, as the MLR and the wider capitol has changed location many times in Taráhus. One year, the MLR headquarters was located in the district of Oźmaneli, where a borderline unintelligible dialect of Moshurian is spoken, and, for that year, the bizarre Oźmaneli dialect was considered the standard, causing great confusion to non-Oźmanelis.
 
====Oźmaneli dialect====
The Oźmaneli dialect is a dialect spoken in the inner city district of Oźmaneli. It has garnered much attention from linguists, as its pronunciation is widely different from typical pronunciation.
 
Additionally, it is the only dialect to utilise the [[w:Zero copula|zero copula]], an effect where the verb "to be" is not used in a statement, e.g. instead of "I am tired" it would be "I tired".
=====Phonetic differences=====
In general, the pattern seems to be that voiceless consonants tend to get voiced, but this is not always the case.
* /ŋ/ is pronounced [ɳ] or [ɟ]<ref>Why /ŋ/ is pronounced [ɟ] is one of the greatest mysteries of Moshurian.</ref>
* /x/ is pronounced [ɣ]
* /ð/ is pronounced [θ]<ref>The pronunciation of /ð/ as [θ] is a consistent pattern among most non-standard dialects of Moshurian, although some Oźmanelis pronounced /ð/ as [ɕ].</ref>
* /b/ is sometimes pronounced [ʙ] before a /ɽ/.
* Speaking of /ɽ/, it is pronounced [ɬ]
=====Morphological differences=====
* ''[[Contionary:mosok|mosok]]'' ⇒ Oźmaneli ''mudźuk''.
* ''[[Contionary:pusadi|pusadi]]'' ⇒ Oźmaneli ''bsédodifh''.
* ''[[Contionary:uthilikh|uthilikh]]'' ⇒ Oźmaneli ''utuɟul''.
* ''[[Contionary:surus|surus]]/[[Contionary:zazuŋ|zazuŋ]]'' ⇒ Oźmaneli ''şild/soéş''.
=====Oźmaneli rhyming slang=====
Very similar to [[w:Rhyming slang|Cockney rhyming slang]] in London, Oźmaneli has its own rhyming slang, that often leaves many non-Oźmanelis ''stringed''(confused).
* ''abaza''(football) rhymes with ''dzul iz upaza''(colour and shape) → ''dzul''
* ''zebatalomh''(confuse) → ''usuŋtua sibatal''(stringed instrument) → ''usuŋtua''
 
===Oalan dialect===
The Oalan dialect is the specific dialect of Moshurian spoken in the city of Oalan and its surrounding suburbs. Although not as dissimilar from the standard as the Oźmaneli dialect, and having relatively few morphological differences, phonologically it differs quite a bit, and is thus often considered by those from Taráhus as an "uneducated" and "rural" dialect. This interpretation is considered quite offensive by Oalanians, who in return see the Taráhusians as "egotistic bourgeois moral absolutists", or just "rich assholes" for short. Perhaps not so coincidentally, the local branch of the Moshurian Socialist Party often use rich Taráhusians as scapegoats in economic troubles, and are thus quite popular in the region.
====Phonological differences====
* Glottal or velar fricatives(/h/ or /x/) surrounded by vowels are either not pronounced or non-syllabic.
** Middle Moshurian ''ukhalan''<ref>Often mentioned as a possible etymology for the city of Oalan.</ref> → (possibly) Oalan
* Initial /u/ is pronounced [o] or [ɔ].
** ''uthilikh'' /ˈuð.ilix/ → ''othilih'' [ˈoθ.ilih]
* Final /x/ is pronounced [h] or not at all
** ''semikh'' → ''semï/semih''
* Final unrounded vowels are rounded.
** ''asti'' /asti/ → ''astï'' [asty]
* Voiced fricatives at the end of syllables, unless velar or glottal and the next phone is a vowel, are unvoiced.
** ''eźir'' /ɛˈʒiɽ/ → ''eşir'' [ɛˈʃiɽ]
 
===Loïha dialect===
The Loïha dialect is the dialect of Moshurian speakers who reside in the Golden Plain. Loïha is possibly the most distinct but still intelligible dialect of Moshurian. This is because there are very few morphological differences, but quite large sound changes.
 
Notably, the Loïha dialect can be split into two groups: the Western and Eastern dialects. Western Loïha tends to be a bit more distant from the standard, whereas Eastern is the opposite. However, what is universal across both dialects is that [[w:Glottal stop|glottal stops]] are incorporated in everyday speech.
====Sound changes====
* From /ð/ → [θ](Western) or [ð](Eastern)
* From /x/ → [ʁ](Western) or [χ](Eastern)
* In diphthong C̥V → /ʔV/.
 
===Odezyë dialect===
The Odezyë dialect is phonetically not very different from standard Moshurian, but it does have a bizarre mannerism that cannot be found in any other dialect- that being the suffix ''-áktu''. It is placed directly after any sort of proper noun, including names. The origin of this is heavily debated- although the most prominent theory claims that it may come from the Aquq genitive suffix ''-et’ḛ''.
 
===Far East dialect===
The entire existence of the Far East Moshurians(''Dmuriékh''; <small>Moshurian:</small> [[IPA for Moshurian|<nowiki>[dˈmuɽi̯ˌex]</nowiki>]]) is shrouded in mystery, but they seem to speak a certain dialect of Moshurian that only slightly varies from the standard Taráhus dialect.
====Phonological differences====
* /u/ → [ʊ] or [ɯ] in some cases
* [VN]<ref>Vowel before nasal consonant. Quite common in the Eastern subgroup of dialects.</ref> → [Ṽ].
 
===Sépenzg dialect===
Morphologically speaking, the Sépenzg dialect does not differ much from other Moshurian dialects, though phonologically, there is one major difference: [[Moshurian#Roōka's law|Roōka's law]] did not occur in the dialect, and to this day the /ɸ/ allophone is still pronounced /ʃ/.
 
The Sépenzg dialect is an example of "regressive phonology" in [[Yeldhic languages]], where a register or dialect of a language is isolated from a major sound change or sound changes. There is also "regressive morphology", where a dialect does not experience morphological change that other dialects did. Though this is significantly rarer in Yeldhic languages, it can be found in some [[Misunic languages]], and is often what leads to the diversion of languages.


==Example texts==
==Example texts==
==Other resources==
==Other resources==
[[Category:Moshurian]]
[[Category:Moshurian]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Yeldhic languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
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