Qulmian: Difference between revisions

* Note: in plural nouns in case T, the ending ''–it'' fuses with the plural suffix: ''–imp'' for masculine nouns, ''–iqs'' for feminine.

In most verbs with only two parameters, case 1 is the nominative case and case 2 is the accusative case:

|1s.'''1'''

|hold-1s-PRES

|pen.'''2'''

|1s.'''1'''

|give-1s-FUT

|2s.'''2'''

|pen.'''3'''

The consonant-based nature of Qulmian morphology occasionally leads to problems when the second and third radicals of a root are the same. As a result, words tend to mutate according to the following rule: '''merging of two consonants requires lengthening of an adjacent vowel'''. This grammatical feature is known as the double-radical rule, or ''t‘ín imilna''.

If an adjective ends with the second and third radical next to each other with no vowel separating them, and the two radicals are the same, they merge into a single consonant, and the preceding vowel is lengthened. The feature’s name itself demonstrates this: the noun ''t‘inna'' refers to “something that is doubled”. When acting as an adjective, the case vowel is removed, which would give *''t‘inn''. Applying the rule gives the correct form ''t‘ín''.

In nouns containing double radicals, such as ''icotta'' “darkness”, definiteness works differently. According to the rules of noun derivation, its definite counterpart should be ''icótyta'', where an epenthetic /ɯ/ separates the two consonants, seemingly rendering the double-radical rule irrelevant. The reason for applying it is historical: the epenthetic vowel separating the consonants is a relatively recent development in the language. Before its appearance, the definite counterpart of ''icotta'' would have been *''icótta'', which requires applying the double-radical rule.

Definite nouns are formed by lengthening one vowel in the word – generally the one immediately following the first radical: ''icotta'' → *''icótta''. As with adjectives, the two consonants are merged: *''icótta'' → *''icóta''. Merging of two consonants requires lengthening of an adjacent vowel. In this case, since the preceding vowel is already long, the following one becomes long instead. However, the following vowel also happens to be the case marking. A case marking does not simply become long; instead, it mutates into a secondary case ending:

|T

* Apahna mpuloni milni (Apahna.1 read-3sf-PRES book.2)

* Apahna milni mpuloni (Apahna.1 book.2 read-3sf-PRES)

* Milni Apahna mpuloni (book.2 Apahna.1 read-3sf-PRES)

* Milni mpuloni Apahna (book.2 read-3sf-PRES Apahna.1)

* Mpuloni milni Apahna (read-3sf-PRES book.2 Apahna.1)

* Mpuloni Apahna milni (read-3sf-PRES Apahna.1 book.2)

- A: '''''So''' mpolin qody milni.'' “I haven't read that book.” (no read-1s-PAST that book.2)

- B: ''Da milnim '''so''' mpulon '''soqtaqt!''''' “You never read books at all!” (you.1 book.2.PL no read-2s-PRES never)

* '''''So''' umísipi colib adnyqu yn icítai.'' “It is not the day that we must respect, but the night.” (no day-DEF.2 must respect-1p-PRES but night-DEF.2)

==== Modality ====

==== Genitive constructions ====

==== Aspect verbs ====