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Fruwi (view source)

Revision as of 21:14, 2 December 2023

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→‎Phonology: saved unless computer crashes, doing phonology and allophony
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m (→‎Phonology: saved unless computer crashes, doing phonology and allophony)
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| Special Fortis Stop    || bʰ    || dʰ      ||        || (ɟʰ)  || gʰ    ||  
| Special Fortis Stop    || bʰ    || dʰ      ||        || (ɟʰ)  || gʰ    ||  
|}
|}
====Sontrai Ban====
Basic dialectical variation
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
* Sontrai Ban; Differences from Standard:
! colspan="7" | Phonemes
** s > θ, z > ð
|-
** t̆ʃ > ʂ, d̆ʒ > ʐ
| Manner -> <br> Place v || Labial || Coronal || Medial ||Palatal || Dorsal || Radical
** χ > x, ʁ > ɣ
|-
* Sontrai Tun; Differences from Standard:
| Nasal                  || m      || n̪      ||        || (ɲ)   || ŋ      ||
** s > θ, z > ð
|-
** t̆s > s, d̆z > z
| Lenis Stop            || p     || t       ||        || (c)    || k     || ʡ
** ʡ > k
|-
** χ > x, ʁ > ɣ
| Fortis Stop            || pʰ    || tʰ      ||        || (cʰ)  || kʰ    || ʡ
** ħ > x, ɣ (depends)
|-
* Haishi Ban; Differences from Standard:
| Lenis Fricative        || ɸ      || θ      || ʂ      ||        || x     || ħ
** p, t, k > b, d, g
|-
** TRANSCRIBERS: b, d, g > p, t, k
| Fortis Fricative      || β     || ð      || ʐ      ||        || ɣ      || ħ
** ɸ  > f , β  > v
|-
** t̆ʃ > ʃ , d̆ʒ > ʒ
| Lenis Affricate        ||        || t̆s     ||        ||        ||        ||
** χ, ʁ, ʡ, ħ  > x
|-
* Haishi Tun; Differences from Standard:
| Fortis Affricate      ||        || d̆z     ||        ||        ||        ||
** p, t, k > b̥, d̥, g̊
|-
** ɸ  > f , β > v
| Trill                  ||        || r      ||        ||        ||        ||
** t̆ʃ > ʃ , d̆ʒ > ʒ
|-
** t̆s > t̆ʃ, d̆z > d̆ʒ
| Approximant            || ʷ      ||        || (ɻ)    || j      || w      ||
** χ, ʁ, ʡ, ħ  > ɣ
|-
| Lateral Approximant    ||        || l      ||        || (ʎ)    || (ʟ)    ||
|}


{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
! colspan="7" | Transcribers
|-
| Manner -> <br> Place v || Labial || Coronal || Medial ||Palatal || Dorsal || Radical
|-
| Special Lenis Stop    || b      || d      ||        || (ɟ)    || g      ||
|-
| Special Fortis Stop    || bʰ    || dʰ      ||        || (ɟʰ)  || gʰ    ||
|}
Notes:
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
! colspan="6" | Stabdard Fruwi Allophony
|-
| Phoneme-> || ŋ || e || o
|-
| allophone|| ə || e || o
|}
Changes:
* s > θ, z > ð
* t̆ʃ > ʂ, d̆ʒ > ʐ
* χ > x, ʁ > ɣ
====Haishi Ban====
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
! colspan="7" | Phonemes
|-
| Manner -> <br> Place v || Labial || Coronal || Medial ||Palatal || Dorsal || Radical
|-
| Nasal                  || m      || n      ||        || (ɲ)    || ŋ      ||
|-
| Lenis Stop            || b      || d      ||        || (ɟ)    || g      || ʡ
|-
| Fortis Stop            || pʰ    || tʰ      ||        || (cʰ)  || kʰ    || ʡ
|-
| Lenis Fricative        || f      || s      || ʃ      ||        || x      || ħ
|-
| Fortis Fricative      || v      || z      || ʒ      ||        ||        ||
|-
| Lenis Affricate        ||        ||        || t̆ʃ    ||        ||        ||
|-
| Fortis Affricate      ||        ||        || d̆ʒ    ||        ||        ||
|-
| Approximant            || ʷ      || ɹ      || (ɹ̠ʲ)  || j      || w      ||
|-
| Lateral Approximant    ||        || l      ||        || (ʎ)    || (ɫ)    ||
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
! colspan="7" | Transcribers
|-
| Manner -> <br> Place v || Labial || Coronal || Medial ||Palatal || Dorsal || Radical
|-
| Special Lenis Stop    || p      || t      ||        || (c)    || k      ||
|-
| Special Fortis Stop    || bʰ    || dʰ      ||        || (ɟʰ)  || gʰ    ||
|}
Changes:
* ɸ  > f , β  > v
* t̆ʃ > ʃ , d̆ʒ > ʒ
* t̆s > t̆ʃ, d̆z > d̆ʒ
* χ  > x , ʁ  > x, ʡ > x, ħ > x
Haishi Tun:
* χ  > ɣ , ʁ  > ɣ, ʡ > ɣ, ħ > ɣ
* V<sub>voiceless</sub> > V<sub>voiced</sub>
===Vowels===
===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
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| Low      ||        || a      ||  
| Low      ||        || a      ||  
|}
|}
ae, ao, ai, au, ʌi, ʌu, ei, eu, oi, ou are the only possible diphthongs<br>
* ae, ao, ai, au, ʌi, ʌu, ei, eu, oi, ou are the only possible diphthongs<br>
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
! colspan="6" | Fruwi Vowel Phonemes and Diaphonemes
! colspan="17" | Fruwi Vowel Phonemes and Diaphonemes
|-
|-
| Diaphonemes || a  || ə || e || o || ae || ao || ai || au || əi || əu || ei || eu || oi || ou
| Diaphonemes || a  || ə || e || o || i || u || ae || ao || ai || au || əi || əu || ei || eu || oi || ou
|-
|-
| Standard    || a~ä || ə || e̞ || o̞ || ɑe || æo || ɑi || æu || ɪj || ʊw || ɛi || ɛu || ɔi || ɔu
| Standard    || a~ä || ə || e̞ || o̞ || i || u || ɑe || æo || ɑi || æu || ɘi || ɵu || ɛi || ɛu || ɔi || ɔu
|-
|-
| Sontrai Ban || ä  || œ || e || o̞ || äe || äo || äi || äu || œi || œu || ɘi || ɘu || ɔi || ɔu
| Sontrai Ban || ä  || œ || e || o̞ || i || u || äe || äo || äi || äu || œi || œu || ɘi || ɘu || ɔi || ɔu
|-
|-
| Sontrai Tun || a~ä || ɨ || e̞ || o̞ || äe || ao || äi || au || ɪj || ʊw || ɛi || ɛu || ɔi || ɔu
| Sontrai Tun || a~ä || ɨ || e̞ || o̞ || i || u || äe || ao || äi || au || ɪi || ʊu || ɛi || ɛu || ɔi || ɔu
|-
|-
| Haishi Ban  || æ  || ɑ || e̞ || o̞ || ɑɛ || äɔ || æi || äu || ɑi || ɑu || ɛi || ɛu || ɔi || ɔu
| Haishi Ban  || a~ä || ɑ || e̞ || o̞ || i || u || ɑɛ || äɔ || æi || äu || ɑi || ɑu || ɛi || ɛu || ɔi || ɔu
|-
|-
| Haishi Tun  || a~ä || ʌ || e̞ || o || ɑe || ao || äi || au || ʌi || ʌu || ei || eu || ɵi || ɵu
| Haishi Tun  || æ  || ʌ || e̞ || o || i || ʉ || ɑe || ao || äi || au || ʌi || ʌu || ei || eu || ɵi || ɵu
|}  
|}  
===Stress and intonation===
===Stress and intonation===
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===Allophony===
===Allophony===
{| class="wikitable"; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
{| class="wikitable"; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
! colspan="5" | Allophony of different dialects of Fruwi
! colspan="5" | Allophony in Fruwi
|-
|-
|Standard Dialect:
|Standard Dialect:
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| Haishi Tun:
| Haishi Tun:
|-
|-
|
|  
* /ŋ, k, kʰ/ => [ɲ, c, cʰ] near /j, i, e/
* /ŋ, k, kʰ/ → [ɲ, c, cʰ] near /j, i, e/
** kʰi => cʰi, gi => ɟi, ŋi => ɲĩ
** /kʰi/ → [cʰi], /ki/ → [ci], /ŋi/ → [ɲĩ]
** ikʰ => icʰ, ig => iɟ, iŋ => ĩɲ
** /ikʰ/ → [icʰ], /ik/ → [ic], /iŋ/ → [ĩɲ]
** kʰj(V) => cʰj(V), gj(V) => ɟj(V), ŋj => ɲj̃(Ṽ)
** /kʰja/ → [cʰja], /kja/ → [cja], /ŋja/ → [ɲj̃ã]
* /w/ => [w] near /i, e/
* /w/ → [ẅ] near /i, e/
**
* /r/→[ɹ̠ʲ] next to /t̆ʃ, d̆ʒ/
* /r/→[ɹ̠ʲ] next to /t̆ʃ, d̆ʒ/
* /l/→[ʎ] near /j, i, e/
* /l/→[ʎ] near /j, i, e/
* /l/→[ʟ] near /w, u, o/
* /l/→[ʟ] near /w, u, o/
|
* /ŋ, k, kʰ/ → [ɲ, c, cʰ] near /j, i, e/
** /kʰi/ → [cʰi], /gi/ → [ɟi], /ŋi/ → [ɲĩ]
** /ikʰ/ → [icʰ], /ig/ → [iɟ], /iŋ/ → [ĩɲ]
** /kʰj(V)/ → [cʰj(V)], /gj(V)/ → [ɟj(V)], /ŋj/ → [ɲj̃(Ṽ)]
* /w/ → [ẅ] near /i, e/
* /r/→[ɻ] next to /ʂ, ʐ/
* /l/→[ʎ] near /j, i, e/
* /l/→[ɫ] near /w, u, o/
|
* /ŋ, k, kʰ/ → [ɲ, c, cʰ] near /j, i, e/
** /kʰi/ → [cʰi], /gi/ → [ɟi], /ŋi/ → [ɲĩ]
** /ikʰ/ → [icʰ], /ig/ → [iɟ], /iŋ/ → [ĩɲ]
** /kʰj(V)/ → [cʰj(V)], /gj(V)/ → [ɟj(V)], /ŋj/ → [ɲj̃(Ṽ)]
* /w/ → [ẅ] near /i, e/
* /r/→[ɹ̠ʲ] next to /t̆ʃ, d̆ʒ/
* /l/→[ʎ] near /j, i, e/
* /l/→[ɫ] near /w, u, o/
|
* /ŋ, k, kʰ/ → [ɲ, c, cʰ] near /j, i, e/
** /kʰi/ → [cʰi], /gi/ → [ɟi], /ŋi/ → [ɲĩ]
** /ikʰ/ → [icʰ], /ig/ → [iɟ], /iŋ/ → [ĩɲ]
** /kʰj(V)/ → [cʰj(V)], /gj(V)/ → [ɟj(V)], /ŋj/ → [ɲj̃(Ṽ)]
* /w/ → [ẅ] near /i, e/
* /r/→[ɹ̠ʲ] next to /ʃ, ʒ/
* /l/→[ʎ] near /j, i, e/
* /l/→[ɫ] near /w, u, o/
|
* /ŋ, k, kʰ/ → [ɲ, c, cʰ] near /j, i, e/
** /kʰi/ → [cʰi], /gi/ → [ɟi], /ŋi/ → [ɲĩ]
** /ikʰ/ → [icʰ], /ig/ → [iɟ], /iŋ/ → [ĩɲ]
** /kʰj(V)/ → [cʰj(V)], /gj(V)/ → [ɟj(V)], /ŋj/ → [ɲj̃(Ṽ)]
* /r/→[ɹ̠ʲ] next to /ʃ, ʒ, t̆ʃ, d̆ʒ/
* /l/→[ʎ] near /j, i, e/
* /l/→[o̝] near /w, u, o/
|-
| colspan = "5" |
* /V/→[Ṽ] near /m, n, ŋ/
* /V/→[Ṽ] near /m, n, ŋ/
** /oŋ/→[õŋ], /orŋ/→[õrŋ], /ŋjo/→[ŋjõ], but: /oŋfu/→[õŋfu]
** /oŋ/→[õŋ], /orŋ/→[õrŋ], /ŋjo/→[ŋjõ]
* /ŋ/→[ɴ] CODA
** but: /oŋtu/→[õŋtu]
* /ŋ/→[ɴ] CODA, except near /j, i, e/
** /oŋ/→[õɴ]
** /oŋ/→[õɴ]
|-
|
* /C, V/→[Cᵝ, Vᵝ] near /m, p, pʰ, ɸ, β/
* /C, V/→[Cᵝ, Vᵝ] near /m, p, pʰ, ɸ, β/
** /ɸru/→[ɸrᵝuᵝ], but: /ɸruwi/→[ɸrᵝuᵝwi]
** /ɸru/→[ɸrᵝuᵝ], but: /ɸruwi/→[ɸrᵝuᵝwi]
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** /wi/→[wiʷ], but: /wa/→[wa], /we/→[we], also but: /ɸwi/→[ɸwᵝiᵝ], /fwi/→[fwᵛiᵛ],  
** /wi/→[wiʷ], but: /wa/→[wa], /we/→[we], also but: /ɸwi/→[ɸwᵝiᵝ], /fwi/→[fwᵛiᵛ],  
|
|
* /ŋ, g, kʰ/→[ɲ, ɟ, cʰ] near /i, e/
* /r/→[ɻ] next to /ʂ, ʐ/
* /l/→[ʎ] near /j, i, e/
* /l/→[ɫ] near /w, u, o/
* /V/→[Ṽ] near /m, n, ŋ/
** /oŋ/→[õŋ], /orŋ/→[õrŋ], /ŋjo/→[ŋjõ], but: /oŋfu/→[õŋfu]
* /ŋ/→[ɴ] CODA
** /oŋ/→[õɴ]
* /C, V/→[Cᵝ, Vᵝ] near /m, p, pʰ, ɸ, β/
* /C, V/→[Cᵝ, Vᵝ] near /m, p, pʰ, ɸ, β/
** /ɸru/→[ɸrᵝuᵝ], but: /ɸruwi/→[ɸrᵝuᵝwi]
** /ɸru/→[ɸrᵝuᵝ], but: /ɸruwi/→[ɸrᵝuᵝwi]
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|
|
|
|
* /ŋ, g, kʰ/→[ɲ, ɟ, cʰ] before /i, e/
* /ɹ/→[ɹ̠ʲ] next to /t̆ʃ, d̆ʒ, ʃ, ʒ/
* /l/→[ʎ] near /j, i, e/
* /l/→[ɫ] near /w, u, o/
* /V/→[Ṽ] near /m, n, ŋ/
** /oŋ/→[õŋ], /oɹŋ/→[õɹŋ], /ŋjo/→[ŋjõ], but: /oŋfu/→[õŋfu]
* /ŋ/→[ɴ] CODA
** /oŋ/→[õɴ]
* /C, V/→[Cᵝ, Vᵝ] near /m, b, pʰ/  
* /C, V/→[Cᵝ, Vᵝ] near /m, b, pʰ/  
** /bɹu/→[bɹᵝuᵝ], but: /bɹuwi/→[bɹᵝuᵝwi]
** /bɹu/→[bɹᵝuᵝ], but: /bɹuwi/→[bɹᵝuᵝwi]
Line 316: Line 274:
===Morphophonotactics===
===Morphophonotactics===
Final syllable's onset may only be glottal in uncountable nouns (only I class nouns can be uncountable), this is because uncountable nouns cannot have final codas
Final syllable's onset may only be glottal in uncountable nouns (only I class nouns can be uncountable), this is because uncountable nouns cannot have final codas
==Orthography==
==Orthography==
Fruwi may be written in any any writing system, though it needs to have enough letters for the phonology. The writing system needs not be Bicameral, but it is good to have for determiners and pronouns that are differentiated by case in writing.
Fruwi may be written in any any writing system, though it needs to have enough letters for the phonology. The writing system needs not be Bicameral, but it is good to have for determiners and pronouns that are differentiated by case in writing.
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