Proto-Quame: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
#redirect [[Quame languages]]
The '''Gamedan languages''' are moderately inflecting languages that use mainly suffixing and infixing morphology.
 
==Phylogeny==
{{clade|label1=Proto-Gamedan
|1={{clade
  |label1=[[Proto-Talsmic]] (P F B)
  |1={{clade
    |label1=Proto-Central Talsmic
    |1={{clade
    |1=[[Themsarian|Noble Themsarian]]<abbr title="The language from which my career sprang. Under heavy revision."><sup>?</sup></abbr>
    |2=[[Qelorian]]
      }}
    |label2=Proto-Peripheral Talsmic
    |2={{clade
    |1=[[Snaħħian]]
    |2=[[Núrian]]<abbr title="Wherein I take the Cartesian product of Irish with itself! This language hopes to attain this ideal aesthetics-wise, if not in actual morphophonology."><sup>?</sup></abbr>
      }}
    }}
  |label2=Proto-Ractamic (P P' Pʰ)
  |2={{clade
    |label1=[[Raxic]]
    |1={{clade
      |1=[[Atzòpic]]
      |2=[[Tizian]]
        }}
    }}
|label3=Proto-Bonzic
|3={{clade
    |1=Dili
    |2=Upur (an attempt at a language with clitic complexes)
    }}
|label4=Proto-Koiƛoq̓ic
|4=Beƛoq̓ic
|label5=Proto-Wiobic
|5={{clade
    |1=[[Wiobian]]
    }}
}}
}}
 
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
An inventory of 35 consonants is reconstructed for Proto-Raxo-Talsmic. The Koiƛoq̓ic/Coytłochic branch preserves the most archaic consonant inventories, whereas the Talsmic branch and Wiobian are the most innovative.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
! colspan="11"|Proto-Raxo-Talsmic reconstructed consonants
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |Labial
! colspan="2" |Denti-alveolar
! rowspan="2" |Palatal
! colspan="2" |Velar
! colspan="2" |Uvular
! rowspan="2" |Glottal
|-
! |<small>central</small>
! |<small>lateral</small>
! |<small>plain</small>
! |<small>labialized</small>
! |<small>plain</small>
! |<small>labialized</small>
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
| *m
| *n
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |Plosive
! |<small>plain</small>
| *p
| *t
|
|
| *k
| *kʷ
| *q
| *qʷ
| *ʔ
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
| *b
| *d
|
|
| *g
| *gʷ
| *ɢ
| *ɢʷ
|
|-
! |<small>ejective</small>
| *p̓
| *t̓
|
|
| *k̓
| *k̓ʷ
| *q̓
| *q̓ʷ
|
|-
! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative
! |<small>voiceless</small>
|
| *s
| *ł
|
|
|
|
|
| *h
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
|
| *z
| *λ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="1" |Affricate
! |<small>plain</small>
|
| *c
| *ƛ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! |<small>ejective</small>
|
| *c̓
| *ƛ̓
| 
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
|
|
|
| *y
|
| *w
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Liquid
|
| *r
| *l
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
 
<nowiki>*</nowiki>m *n *l *r could be syllabic.
 
====Consonant correspondences====
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width:1300px; text-align:center;"
|-
! PGam
! {{recon|p}}
! {{recon|b}}
! {{recon|p̓}}
! {{recon|t}}
! {{recon|d}}
! {{recon|t̓}}
! {{recon|s}}
! {{recon|z}}
! {{recon|c}}
! {{recon|c̓}}
! {{recon|ł}}
! {{recon|λ}}
! {{recon|ƛ}}
! {{recon|ƛ̓}}
! {{recon|k}}
! {{recon|g}}
! {{recon|k̓}}
! {{recon|kʷ}}
! {{recon|gʷ}}
! {{recon|k̓ʷ}}
! {{recon|q}}
! {{recon|ɢ}}
! {{recon|q̓}}
! {{recon|qʷ}}
! {{recon|ɢʷ}}
! {{recon|q̓ʷ}}
! {{recon|m}}
! {{recon|n}}
! {{recon|l}}
! {{recon|r}}
! {{recon|y}}
! {{recon|w}}
! {{recon|ʔ}}
! {{recon|h}}
|-
! [[Raxic|Rax]]
| ''p'', ''u-''
| ''b''
| ''ph'', ''hu-''
| ''t''
| ''d''
| ''th''
| ''z''
| ''z''
| ''tz''
| ''tzh''
| ''ł''
| ''dł''
| ''tł''
| ''tłh''
| ''tx''
| ''x''
| ''txh''
| ''qu''
| ''gu''
| ''hu''
| ''c''
| ''g''
| ''ch''
| ''qu''
| ''gu''
| ''hu''
| ''m'', ''-n''
| ''n''
| ''l''
| ''r''
| ''y''
| ''u''
| ''h''
| Ø
|-
! [[Talsmic languages|PTal]]
| {{recon|''p''}}
| {{recon|''b''}}
| {{recon|''ɸ''}}
| {{recon|''t''}}
| {{recon|''d''}}
| {{recon|''θ''}}
| {{recon|''h''}}
| {{recon|''z''}}, {{recon|''r''}}
| {{recon|''s''}}
| {{recon|''s''}}
| {{recon|''h''}}
| {{recon|''λ''}}
| {{recon|''t''}}, {{recon|''k''}}
| {{recon|''ł''}}
| {{recon|''k''}}
| {{recon|''g''}}
| {{recon|''x''}}
| {{recon|''kʷ''}}
| {{recon|''gʷ''}}
| {{recon|''xʷ''}}
| {{recon|''q''}}
| {{recon|''ʁ''}}
| {{recon|''χ''}}
| {{recon|''q''}}
| {{recon|''ʁ''}}
| {{recon|''χ''}}
| {{recon|''m''}}
| {{recon|''n''}}
| {{recon|''l''}}
| {{recon|''r''}}
| {{recon|''j''}}
| {{recon|''w''}}
| {{recon|''ʔ''}}
| {{recon|''h''}}
|-
! [[Wiobian|Wio]]
| ''f''
| ''p''
| ''ƀ''
| ''þ''
| ''t''
| ''đ''
| ''ß'', ''r''
| Ø
| ''ß''
| ''ß''
| ''s''
| ''z''
| ''s''
| ''ɟ''
| ''h''
| ''k''
| ''g''
| ''ƕ''
| ''qu''
| ''w''
| ''h''
| ''k''
| ''g''
| ''ƕ''
| ''qu''
| ''w''
| ''m''
| ''n''
| ''l''
| ''r''
| ''j''
| ''w''
| Ø
| Ø
|-
! [[Koiƛoq̓ic languages|PKoi]]
| {{recon|''p''}}
| {{recon|''b''}}
| {{recon|''p̓''}}
| {{recon|''t''}}
| {{recon|''d''}}
| {{recon|''t̓''}}
| {{recon|''s''}}
| {{recon|''z''}}
| {{recon|''c''}}
| {{recon|''c̓''}}
| {{recon|''ł''}}
| {{recon|''λ''}}
| {{recon|''ƛ''}}
| {{recon|''ƛ̓''}}
| {{recon|''k''}}
| {{recon|''g''}}
| {{recon|''k̓''}}
| {{recon|''k''}}
| {{recon|''g''}}
| {{recon|''k̓''}}
| {{recon|''q''}}
| {{recon|''ɢ''}}
| {{recon|''q̓''}}
| {{recon|''q''}}
| {{recon|''ɢ''}}
| {{recon|''q̓''}}
| {{recon|''m''}}
| {{recon|''n''}}
| {{recon|''l''}}
| {{recon|''r''}}
| {{recon|''y''}}
| {{recon|''w''}}
| {{recon|''ʔ''}}
| {{recon|''h''}}
|}
 
===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| *i *ī
|
| *u *ū
|-
! style="" |Mid
| *e *ē
|
| *o *ō
|-
! style="" |Open
|
| *a *ā
|
|}
 
===Pitch===
No phonemic pitch or tone existed in PRT.
 
===Phonotactics===
Consonant clusters were allowed, but limited.
 
==Grammar==
===Typology===
The basic word order was SOV.
===Nominals===
Proto-Raxo-Talsmic did not distinguish between nouns and adjectives. They both inflected for:
*9 cases: nominative, (definite) accusative, genitive, dative, locative, ablative-comitative, allative, instrumental, adverbial
*A noun class system, indicated by different final ''classifier clitics''. Or perhaps an animate-inanimate opposition.
*3 numbers: Singular, dual, plural
 
Nouns minimally consisted of a root and an optional infix, case/number endings and a classifier suffix. The classifier suffixes play a role in gender assignment in daughter languages.
 
====Declension====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="2" | Case suffixes
|-
! Nominative
| Ø
|-
! Accusative
| ''*-z''
|-
! Genitive
| ''*-ʔ'', ''*-k''
|-
! Dative
| ''*-ƛ''
|-
! Locative-Comitative
| ''*-ksi''
|-
! Ablative
| ''*-hn''
|-
! Allative
| ''*-cti''
|-
! Instrumental
| ''*-hli''
|-
! Adverbial
| ''*-ʔzi''
|}
 
====Nominal morphosyntax====
The PRT nominative and accusative cases differ from the canonical nominative-accusative system in that the accusative case marks only definite or specific direct objects. The nominative in PRT also stood for both predicative complements of verbs and predicative nouns (regardless of their case-position). The marking of all predicates with the nominative survives in [[Raxic]] and [[Themsarian]] (although Raxic has extended the accusative to all direct objects). In later Ractamic languages, where the accusative case had long since lost the definite meaning, predicative direct objects are marked with the accusative case.
 
===Pronouns===
 
===Verbs===
Verbs were conjugated for subject, aspect, mood, evidentiality, and voice.
 
*Subject agreement: For each pronoun, and 3rd person m/f/n, and perhaps collective
*Aspects: Aorist, habitual, progressive, stative
*Evidentiality: direct, hearsay, unclear memory, quotative, inferential
*Moods: {Indicative, desiderative, jussive, optative}, {mirative, subjunctive}, imperative
*Voices: Active, mediopassive, causative
 
Personal suffixes:
 
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Imperfect suffixes'''
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''-īn''
|
|''-mēk̓''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''''
|''-nci''
|-
!|2
|''-z''
|''''
|''-lci''
|-
!|3.animate
|''-m''
|rowspan="2"|
|rowspan="2"|''-rih''
|-
!|3.inanimate
|''-ici''
|}
 
 
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Stative suffixes'''
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''-nʔe''
|
|''-moz''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''''
|''-toz''
|-
!|2
|''-zʔe''
|''''
|''-li''
|-
!|3.animate
|''-h''
|rowspan="2"|
||''-woz''
|-
!|3.inanimate
|''-z''
||''-toz''
|}
 
===Derivational morphology===
*{{angbr|''*l''}} verbalizer
*{{angbr|''*r''}} nominalizer/adjectivalizer
 
==Some etymologies==
 
[[Category:Language families]]
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