User:Aydın Baykara: Difference between revisions

çi.ji                             two.half               

çi.ği                            *-th (second)

ki.ği                            four.th

öşü çi/fi                          both/every three           

ki.z.çi                            two forth (two of four; four’s half)           

çi.vum, fi.vum, ki.vum             double/two fold/twice, triple, quadruple     

çi.ğ.ma,fi.ğ.ma                   couple, trio  

Basic adverbs consist of three letters in scheme of V*-ç/- ş/-l/-n/-y-V*, covering mostly used adverbs in many languages. As in English, in many other languages also adverbs have often the same spelling with the adjectives and conjunctives. For the sake of ambiguity they also will have separate three letters wordings in ABCL, if used as adverb. Also here there are separate headings for subdivision, indicated by choose of the vowels, for example first two letters “oçV*, öçV*, uçV*, üçV*, oşV*, öşV*, uşV*, üşV*” for adverbs indicate “time” and “quantity” where the third vowel varies from “a” to “ü” (* means always “varying letters” in this article). This way 56 words can be created if needed (without the use of the vowel “ı”). The middle consonant “y” denotes the “adverbs of manner” which are subdivided into four such as direction (oyV*), descriptive (öyV*) etc.

 

Also here there are deviations in the number of basic letters while deriving adverbs from verbs, nouns and adjectives.  

Examples for some derivations: ''(The English words in italic are translated in to ABCL only''

The number of derived adverbs from the verbs and adjectives only would yield about two thousands.

Conjunctives-prepositions consist of two letters like some adjective groups but as VC.  Logical groupings have been built systematically, such as conjunction particals (and, or, then, so… ), particals for subordinate clauses (so that, even if, unless etc.) and prepositions. For example, the end consonant “s” points out to the locational prepositions, like in, at, on, out, under, above, behind etc. with the vowel varying from “a” to “ü”. C* and V* indicate varying consonants and vowels respectively.

== PRONOUNS ==

Pronouns consist of one and three letters (V, VCV).  The personal pronouns are “a, o, u, e, ö, ü”. All other pronouns have VCV where first vowel is always “i” with which they would be recognizable and differ from adjectives and adverbs.

== PLURAL, NEGATION AND QUESTIONS ==

Plural will be indicated by the suffix “_i”. To create a fluid link from the preceding end vowel of the noun in the suffix-vowel “i” in speech, a very small /y/ can be added in-between without stopping the airflow between words.

Questions will be indicated by the letter “J”, in case of the pronouns as prefix and in case of the nouns as partical before subject noun, spoken with a “short-soundless “ı” sound (like “ion-loud” in “station” (explained before)). It can also be built vocal harmony with the first syllables of the following noun which will be however omitted in writing.

Example: J.a yüsa? (Shall I swim?);

J (Jɯ or Je) şenbe b.yüs.e? (Can fish swim?)

== TENSES, ASPECTS and IRREALIS ==

Verbs are conjugated for five tempus “future, simple present, present continuous, simple past (Past 1=P1) and imperfect/durational past/history” (Past 2=P2) , with the corresponding vocals “a, e, i, o/ö, u/ü” placed after verbs as suffix. (u/ü and o/ö can be interchanged for the vocal harmony) If a verb phrase has more than four letters, it will end up on a consonant not vowel, in order to prevent a mix up with root nouns.

Past 1 includes all verbs indicating a completed/finished action, independently how many time it had occurred in the past and happened recently or long time ago.

Past 2 includes all verbs inheriting a continuity. It doesn’t make a difference whether the effect of the act is still relevant at the presence or it happened before any relative time point. It matters only that it has a duration in the past. Also here it is not relevant whether it happened recently or long time ago.

Since the primary goal of ABCL is the simplicity, I tried to simplify various aspects used in many languages as far as possible without omitting any useful/necessary aspect utilized in spoken languages at different ways. Normally none of the aspects itself express the speaker’s intention alone. To overcome this he needs additionally different auxiliary particles, especially temporal adverbs. As a matter of fact, a language missing one “useful” aspect of another language, is still able to express the same content by utilizing these auxiliaries. With other words, it is possible for people to express themself also by other means, without the help of a big range of the aspects.

ABCL has none of the complicated aspects requiring the usage of auxiliaries, root modification of the  verbs and suffixes such as in Germanic languages (progressive, perfect, past perfect, progressive perfect, past perfect progressive, future perfect progressive, conditional perfect progressive) nor in other languages (habitual,  recent/far past, simultaneous, gnomic/generic etc.) All those aspects such as the frequency of occurrence and timely relation (recently, long time ago) will be expressed by the temporal adverbs and numbers where and if required.  

I considered e.g. the present perfect tense not necessary because whether or not a past event extends its affect in the presence, has no or very limited relevance for expressing the intent of the speaker. If it would be really necessary he can describe it by the auxiliary means. In fact, the differentiating of simple past and present perfect, as a relic of past, disappear slowly as seen in spoken German language.

The duration of an act in the past could not be easily described by adverbs and other means or by the inherit sense of the verb itself. Therefore and because it could be important in many situations, I introduced Past 2 in order to cover such aspects. Historical events are naturally events of hearsay, which could not have been witnessed by the speaker. So transferred events will be also covered in ABCL with the Past 2 with or without duration of the event. Again, the adverbial auxiliaries can help also here in cases of uncertainty.

'''Aspects of the English present tense and their counterpart in ABCL:'''

'''Aspects of the English past tense (and in brackets, how it is expressed in ABCL reverse translation with the help of auxiliaries):'''

'''Aspects of the future tense:'''

'''Subjunctives of future:'''

For future, would and should are used to combine future or hypothetical-counterfactual reference with aspectual meaning:

 

1. Event is hypothetical, but possible, expressing: dependency, emotion, hopes, expectation, wish, desire, possibility, probability, likelihood, uncertainty, doubt, dubiousness, judgment, opinion, obligation, inferential (hearsay), not confirmed, necessity, imploring, asking, guessing, requiring, encouraging or action that has not yet occurred (present subjunctive)

 

 

'''Examples for Item 1:'''

|If I could (have) slept )||if a bdar.o …

|'''''If-clauses (conditional present):'''''

|I would eat, if I were hungry :|| if a dak.e (if a eka) a dek.e

|We would stay at home if it snowed || e yüm.e hanya if venre ven.e

|'''''That-clauses'':'''

|I suggested that Paul should eat an apple|| a fuy.o am Paul (c)dek.e şerbe

|He recommends that you be careful||  u füy.e am o buh.e

|It is important that she stay (with you) by your side|| ebo am u yüm.e (oş o) oz vunze

|'''''Desirative-Wish-clauses''''':

|I wish I had a car then I wouldn't get on the bus||             ah (a mih.e) a man.e hunbe ona a yol.ex

|I wish I knew Japanese ||     ah a mad.e Nippon.sa

|I should be able to sleep (I ought to be able to sleep)|| a büb.ö bdar.ı

|"He must have gone" or "he is said to have gone " (allegedly):|| (a büy.e/mid.e/gay.e) (am) u yal.o una

|Martina says that she be in love with you (can be true or not):||  Martina çay.e am u bas.e o