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|_'''ma'''|| || una.ma||-y||''pinky'' | |_'''ma'''|| || una.ma||-y||''pinky'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|_ma;(x)_ma|| || ebe.ma, | |_ma;(x)_ma|| || ebe.ma, ebex.ma||-||''beauty, ugliness'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|_ma|| ||ofo.ma||_dom||''freedom'', boredom | |_ma|| ||ofo.ma||_dom||''freedom'', boredom | ||
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|adjective.noun||şo.bse (oşo-bense)||something | |adjective.noun||şo.bse (oşo-bense)||something | ||
|} | |} | ||
*Last two letters of the adjective (edi, ebi, oşo-distant, big, some) as prefix and simple present tense of the verb (ses.e-see) will be used. | .*Last two letters of the adjective (edi, ebi, oşo-distant, big, some) as prefix and simple present tense of the verb (ses.e-see) will be used. | ||
In case of the combined phrases “verb+noun”, the verb keeps its basic form (infinite) followed by the noun but with separation. (e.g.: fes ((to) serve) and vitka (car) combined to “fes vitka” (service car)). Grammatically the verb acts as the adjective. | In case of the combined phrases “verb+noun”, the verb keeps its basic form (infinite) followed by the noun but with separation. (e.g.: fes ((to) serve) and vitka (car) combined to “fes vitka” (service car)). Grammatically the verb acts as the adjective. | ||
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|oşa|| ||more, _er|||| ||eşe-x||sweet-bitter|| |||| || ||apo-x ||polite/kind/gentle-impolite/rude | |oşa|| ||more, _er|||| ||eşe-x||sweet-bitter|| |||| || ||apo-x ||polite/kind/gentle-impolite/rude | ||
|- | |- | ||
|oşe|| ||most, _est|||| ||ece||certain|| |||| || || | |oşe|| ||most, _est|||| ||ece||certain|| |||| || ||ofe-x||fair-biased | ||
|- | |- | ||
|oşu-oşux|| ||several/many/much -few/little||||||eso||sour|| |||| || ||aju-x ||just-devious | |oşu-oşux|| ||several/many/much -few/little||||||eso||sour|| |||| || ||aju-x ||just-devious | ||
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==== Derived from Root Verbs ==== | ==== Derived from Root Verbs ==== | ||
''' | ''' | ||
{| | {| | ||
!ABCL suffix||||ABCL adverb||||English suffix||||English adverbs|| | !ABCL suffix||||ABCL adverb||||English suffix||||English adverbs|| | ||
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|_r||||şah.r, bon.r*||||_(ing)ly||||''laugh(ing)ly'', know(ing)ly|| | |_r||||şah.r, bon.r*||||_(ing)ly||||''laugh(ing)ly'', know(ing)ly|| | ||
|} | |} | ||
*Deferring from English, the adverb will be constructed directly by adding the suffix “_r” to the root of the verb. Also without building an adjective in gerund form with “_ing” | .*Deferring from English, the adverb will be constructed directly by adding the suffix “_r” to the root of the verb. Also without building an adjective in gerund form with “_ing” | ||
**While reading and speaking, the vowel “i” or “ı” will be inserted before the suffix “_r”. (it reads as “feh.ir”) | .**While reading and speaking, the vowel “i” or “ı” will be inserted before the suffix “_r”. (it reads as “feh.ir”) | ||
''' | ''' | ||
==== Derived from Root Adjectives ==== | ==== Derived from Root/Derived Adjectives ==== | ||
''' | ''' | ||
{| | {| | ||
!ABCL suffix||||ABCL adverb||||English suffix||||English adverbs|| | !ABCL suffix||||ABCL adverb||||English suffix||||English adverbs|| | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|_r||||eni.r (enix.r), atö.r||||_ly||||''nicely (ugly), tensely'', clearly, actively, quickly|| | |_r||||eni.r (enix.r), atö.r||||_ly||||''nicely (ugly), tensely'', clearly, actively, quickly|| | ||
|- | |||
|_r||||omo.r, omox.r|||| ||||''on the front'', ''behind'' || | |_r||||omo.r, omox.r|||| ||||''on the front'', ''behind'' || | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|_r||||halce.r(x), monba.r | |_r||||halce.r(x), monba.r | ||
''(in ABCL directly by noun possible)'' | ''(in ABCL directly by noun possible)'' | ||
||||_ally,_(ful)ly||||''econimi.c.ally, joy.ful.ly'' ''(in English only via denominal adjective possible)|| | ||||_ally,_(ful)ly||||''(un)econimi.c.ally, joy.ful.ly'' ''(in English only via denominal adjective possible)|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
|_r||||süb.r, hünve.r, elo.r||||a_||||''a.miss, away, along'', ahead, apart, alone || | |_r||||süb.r, hünve.r, elo.r||||a_||||''a.miss, away, along'', ahead, apart, alone || | ||
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{| | {| | ||
!Coordinating|| | !Coordinating|| ||||Subordinating||||||Correlative|||| ||Interrogative|| | ||
|- | |||
|Conjunct.|||| ||Subclause||||||Conjunct.|||| ||as Subordinate Conjunct.|| | |||
|- | |||
|'''p_, r, s, v''': varied vowels|| ||||'''h_, f, d, ç, b''':: varied vowels | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |'''sV*'''|| ||||'''fV*'''|| ||||||||||'''tV*'''|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |sa ||and|||| fa|| even if||||pe…so (pe)||||either...or||ta|| what|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |so|| or|||| fö|| as if|| ||pex..so ||||neither...nor||te|| where|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |su|| but|||| fe||if/in case|| ||ça/fo (adj)…ge||||as.(adjective).as|| to|| who|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |se|| still/yet||||fu||unless||||ça / fo elo ge||||as long as||tö|| why|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |pe|| either||||ha||while||||fü.. (so)..x||||whether...or ..not||tu||when|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |ro|| however||||du||that||||||||||tü||how|| | ||
|} | |} | ||
''' | ''' | ||
=== PREPOSITIONS === | === PREPOSITIONS === | ||
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!Preposition|| ||||||Locational Prepos.|| || | !Preposition|| ||||||Locational Prepos.|| || | ||
|- | |- | ||
|''' | |'''y_, ş, g'''|| ||||||'''k_, l, m, n'''|| || | ||
|- | |- | ||
|''' | |'''_şV*'''|| |||||| '''_kV*'''|| || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |şa|| after|| ||||le|| between|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |şe|| before|| ||||kö|| among|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |şo|| for|| |||||ko|| across|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |şu|| by|||||| ke|| beside|| | ||
|} | |} | ||
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{| | {| | ||
!Demonstr.|| |||| | !Demonstr.|| ||Pronouns|| || ||Interrog.|||| ||Nonperson|| | ||
|- | |||
||| |||| ||||Pronouns|| ||||Pronouns|| | |||
|- | |- | ||
|'''is.V*''' | |'''is.V*'''|||| '''ip.V*'''|| |||| '''it.V*'''|||| '''iş.V*''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|isa|| this | |isa||this||ipa||his(one)||||ita||what|| işa||more | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |iso||that||ipo||that(one)|||| || || işe||most|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |isu||that||ipu||other||||iti ||which || işi-x||all-none|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |ise||these||ipe-x||either-neither||||ito||who||işo-x||some/someone- any/no one/none|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |isö||those||ipö||that (place name)|||| || || işö||each || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || || || |||| | |isü||those||ipü||there|||| || ||işu||much/many-few|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
||| || || |||| | | || || || |||| || || işü.ba/sa)-x||every.(thing/body)-no.(thing/body)|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
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Example: J.a yüsa? (Shall I swim?), J (Jɯ or Je) şenbe b.yüs.e? (Can fish swim?) | Example: J.a yüsa? (Shall I swim?), J (Jɯ or Je) şenbe b.yüs.e? (Can fish swim?) | ||
'''Interrogatives''' are similar to English: | |||
{| | |||
|what|| ||ota|| || || ||why||ötö | |||
|- | |||
|where|| ||ote|| || || ||when||utu | |||
|- | |||
|which|| ||oti|| || || ||how||ütü | |||
|- | |||
|who|| ||oto|| || || ||how much/many/old ||üta.pis/vus/cam | |||
|} | |||
== TENSES, ASPECTS and SUBJUNCTIVES/IRREALIS of ABCL == | == TENSES, ASPECTS and SUBJUNCTIVES/IRREALIS of ABCL == | ||
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{| | {| | ||
!Tenses|| ||Suffix|| || Examples ABCL|| ||English | !'''Tenses'''|| ||'''Suffix'''|| || Examples ABCL|| ||English | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Future|||| _a|||| | |Future|||| _a|||| yog.a||||will go | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Simple present|||| _e|||| | |Simple present|||| _e|||| yog.e.x||||doesn’t go | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Present continuous|||| _i|||| | |Present continuous|||| _i|||| vap.i.n.x||||is not painted ''(passive)'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Simple past ( | |Simple past (past 1) ''(“ö” for prior event if two events linked-past perfect)''|||| _o/ö|||| dol.o||||(I) (have) boiled | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Durational past( | |Durational past/history (past 2) ''(“ü” for prior event if two events linked-past perfect)''||||_u/ü|||| vap.u.n||||had been painted (in one week) | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|'''''If-clauses''':''(Because the sub-ordinate clause is priorly, the tense of its verbs will be “ö” and “ü” respectively) | |'''''If-clauses''':''(Because the sub-ordinate clause is priorly, the tense of its verbs will be “ö” and “ü” respectively) | ||
|- | |- | ||
|If I had felt well (were I well/if I were well) I would have sung|| | |If I had felt well (were I well/if I were well) I would have sung||fe a sevö (bab.o ani) a tiso.ç | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Would you have helped me if I had asked you ? || | |Would you have helped me if I had asked you ? || jo feh.o.ç a fe a çayö o? | ||
|- | |- | ||
|If I had been hungry, I would have eaten || | |If I had been hungry, I would have eaten || fe a dakö (bab.o ohu) a deno.ç | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Without your help (hidden condition) I could not have finished it|| | |Without your help (hidden condition) I could not have finished it|| nex oz feh.ha a b.rifo.çx | ||
|- | |- | ||
|If you would be my son...|| fe o babo.ç az salsa … | |If you would be my son...|| fe o babo.ç az salsa … | ||
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|Only if I could have slept || an, a bdar.o.ç … | |Only if I could have slept || an, a bdar.o.ç … | ||
|- | |- | ||
|I wish I had a car so that I hadn't got on the bus.|| | |I wish I had a car so that I hadn't got on the bus.|| an, (a biv.e) a baho vitka du a rego.çx … | ||
|- | |- | ||
|I should have learned German || an, a g.bönö.ç Deutsch.sa | |I should have learned German || an, a g.bönö.ç Deutsch.sa | ||
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|'''''Future-clauses:''''' | |'''''Future-clauses:''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|I would have got fresh air outdoor if it had not rained this morning. || | |I would have got fresh air outdoor if it had not rained this morning. || a s.rego.ç ofe venye em fe venre venö.çx osa cemmü | ||
|} | |} | ||
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!'''Mood/Verb Transformation''' || '''ABCL Marker/sufix'''|| '''ABCL example-English equivalent''' | !'''Mood/Verb Transformation''' || '''ABCL Marker/sufix'''|| '''ABCL example-English equivalent''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Conditional (factual-predictive): -Binbi.so: marker conjunctions "if" ||fe…|| (he)fe a mefe - if I feel well | |Conditional (factual-predictive): ''-Binbi.so'': marker conjunctions "if" ||fe…|| (he)fe a mefe - if I feel well | ||
|- | |||
|Imperative/jussive/infinite- ''Paceş'' || "verb".eş|| yogeş - go! / to go | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Verbal Conjunctive (gerund)- ''Paciş'' || "verb".iş|| yogiş - going | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Passive- Bunzu|| _n|| vapon - was painted | |Passive- ''Bunzu''|| _n|| vapon - was painted | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Ergative (Intrans. to transitive) - Röş.ato (.ado) || _t|| (u) dolot (densu) – (she) boiled (water) | |Ergative (Intrans. to transitive) - ''Röş.ato(.ado)'' || _t|| (u) dolot (densu) – (she) boiled (water) | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Reflexive (Transitive to intr) -Ver.ato(.ado) || _m|| (a) dasem – (I) wash myself | |Reflexive (Transitive to intr) -''Ver.ato(.ado)'' || _m|| (a) dasem – (I) wash myself | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Reciprocal (mutuality-intransitive) -Peş.ato || _y|| boley - make love (sevişmek) | |Reciprocal (mutuality-intransitive) -''Peş.ato'' || _y|| boley - make love (sevişmek) | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Causative (Transitive) -Bac.ato(.ado)|| _p|| vapep - get painted (boyattırmak) | |Causative (Transitive) -''Bac.ato(.ado)''|| _p|| vapep - get painted (boyattırmak) | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''Subjunctive/irrealis'''- Kök.ana || | |'''Subjunctive/irrealis'''- ''Kök.ana'' || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ---Present subjunctive || _k --|| tisek - would sing | | ---Present subjunctive || _k --|| tisek - would sing | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
#…vowel for tense | .#…vowel for tense | ||
“Real” conditional mood marker is the conjunctional particle “fe”. Imperative/jussive/infinite will be performed by adding the related personal pronouns to the verb as prefix (o.Verb, u.Verb (let him.Verb), e.Verb (let us.Verb)…) and “_eş” as suffix. For second person singular the prefix “o” may be dropped thus imperative being “Verb.eş” | “Real” conditional mood marker is the conjunctional particle “fe”. Imperative/jussive/infinite will be performed by adding the related personal pronouns to the verb as prefix (o.Verb, u.Verb (let him.Verb), e.Verb (let us.Verb)…) and “_eş” as suffix. For second person singular the prefix “o” may be dropped thus imperative being “Verb.eş” | ||
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{| | {| | ||
|Inferential mood/Hearsay-Binmi||| _v||||||||bol.#v--bolev - (it is said) (he/she) love … | |Inferential mood/Hearsay-''Binmi''||| _v||||||||bol.#v--bolev - (it is said) (he/she) love … | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Optative desiderative- An Mançu (in level 1 expressed by auxiliary particle "an") || _s||||||||sen.e.s--(an) seves (o)- (I wish) (you) be well | |Optative desiderative- ''An Mançu'' (in level 1 expressed by auxiliary particle "an") || _s||||||||sen.e.s--(an) seves (o)- (I wish) (you) be well | ||
|} | |} | ||
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''' | ''' | ||
{| | {| | ||
|Genitive/Possesive-Huz.ato|||||||||||||||||| ||_z|||||||||||||şintü.z şindü / o.z şintü|||||||| of, _’s (kitten of the cat) your cat | |Genitive/Possesive-''Huz.ato''|||||||||||||||||| ||_z|||||||||||||şintü.z şindü / o.z şintü|||||||| of, _’s (kitten of the cat) your cat | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Plural-Bunyu |||||| |||||| || |||| ||_i |||||| |||| ||hanho.i ||||||| ||_s - (houses) | |Plural-''Bunyu'' |||||| |||||| || |||| ||_i |||||| |||| ||hanho.i ||||||| ||_s - (houses) | ||
|} | |} | ||
Below are some aspectual compound verb features and moods from Turkish denoted by suffixes, applicable in Level 2 only: | Below are some aspectual compound verb features and moods from Turkish denoted by suffixes, applicable in Level 2 only: |
edits