Voltch: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search

Voltch (view source)

Revision as of 10:43, 29 June 2024

29,372 bytes added ,  29 June
→‎Class 3
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit
 
(176 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 3: Line 3:
|name = Voltch
|name = Voltch
|nativename = voalc
|nativename = voalc
|pronunciation = vo̯altʃ
|pronunciation = vo̯aɫtʃ
|creator = [[User:Shariifka|Shariifka]]
|creator = [[User:Shariifka|Shariifka]]
|region = Europe
|region = Europe
Line 51: Line 51:


===Orthography===
===Orthography===
{|
| style="vertical-align: top" |
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Consonants
! rowspan="2" | spelling ||colspan="2"| [[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] || rowspan="2"| Remarks
|-
! normally || final
|-
| '''b'''
| {{IPA|/b/}} || {{IPA|/p/}} ||
|-
| '''ch'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/x/}} ||
|-
|-
| '''c'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/tʃ/}} ||
|-
| '''cg'''
| {{IPA|/dʒ/}} || {{IPA|/tʃ/}} || Treated as a double consonant in terms of checking syllables.
|-
<!--
| '''chj'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ç/}} ||
|-->
| '''d'''
| {{IPA|/d/}} || {{IPA|/t/}} ||
|-
<!--| '''dj'''
| {{IPA|/dʒ/}} || {{IPA|/tʃ/}} ||
|-->
| '''f'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/f/}} ||
|-
| '''g'''
| {{IPA|/ɡ/}} || {{IPA|/k/}} ||
|-
<!--| '''gj'''
| {{IPA|/ɟ/}} || {{IPA|/c/}} ||
|-
| '''gh'''
| {{IPA|/ɣ/}} || {{IPA|/x/}} ||
|-
<!--| '''ghj'''
| {{IPA|/ʝ/}} || {{IPA|/ç/}} ||
|-->
| '''h'''
| {{IPA|/ɦ/}} || &mdash; ||
|-
| '''j'''
| {{IPA|/j/}} || &mdash; ||
|-
| '''k'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/k/}} ||
|-
<!--| '''kj'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/c/}} ||
|-->
| '''l'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/l/}} || Pronounced dark/velarized ([ɫ]) word-finally and before consonants.
|-
| '''lj'''
| colspan="2"| {{IPA|/ʎ/}}
|-
| '''m'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/m/}} ||
|-
| '''n'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/n/}} || Assimilates place of articulation with following consonant.
|-
| '''nj'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ɲ/}} ||
|-
| '''ng'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ŋ/}} ||
|-
| '''p'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/p/}} ||
|-
<!--
| '''q'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/k/}} || In loanwords
|-
| '''qu'''
| {{IPA|/kv/}} || &mdash; || In loanwords
|-->
| '''r'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/r/}} ||
|-
| '''s'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/s/}} ||
|-
| '''sc'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ʃ/}} || Treated as a double consonant in terms of checking syllables.
|-
<!--| '''sch'''
| {{IPA|/sx/}}, {{IPA|/s/}}<ref name="sch"/> || {{IPA|/s/}}<ref name="sch">Used only in the suffix ''-isch'' {{IPA|/is/}} and its form ''-ische'' {{IPA|/isə/}}.</ref>
|-->
| '''t'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/t/}} ||
|-
<!--| '''tj'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/tʃ/}} ||
|-
| '''th'''
| {{IPA|/t/}}|| &mdash; || Mostly in loanwords, or dialectal for /θ/.
|-->
| '''v'''
| {{IPA|/v/}} || &mdash; ||
|-
| '''w'''
| {{IPA|/v/}} || {{IPA|/f/}} ||
|-
<!--
| '''wh'''
| colspan="2"| {{IPA|/f/}} ||
|-
<!--
| '''x'''
| colspan="2"| {{IPA|/ks/}} || In loanwords
|-->
| '''z'''
| {{IPA|/z/}} || &mdash; ||
|-
| '''zc'''
| {{IPA|/ʒ/}} || &mdash; || Treated as a double consonant in terms of checking syllables.
|-
|-
|}
| style="vertical-align: top" |
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Vowels&nbsp;and&nbsp;diphthongs
! rowspan="2" | spelling || colspan="2" | [[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
|-
! checked || free
|-
| '''a'''
| {{IPA|/ɑ/}} || {{IPA|/aː/}}
|-
| '''aa'''
| {{IPA|/aː/}} || &mdash;
|-
| '''ä'''
| {{IPA|/æ/}} || {{IPA|/ɛː/}}
|-
| '''ää'''
| {{IPA|/ɛː/}} || &mdash;
|-
| '''aai'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/aːi̯/}}
|-
| '''aau'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/aːu̯/}}
|-
| '''ai'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ɑi̯/}}
|-
| '''au'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ɑu̯/}}
|-
| '''e'''
| {{IPA|/ɛ/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}<ref name="unstressed"/> || {{IPA|/eː/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}<ref name="unstressed">{{angbr|e}} and {{angbr|i}}, when unstressed, are sometimes pronounced {{IPA|/ə/}}.</ref>
|-
| '''ea'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/e̯a/}}
|-
| '''ee'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/eː/}}
|-
| '''eei'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/eːi̯/}}
|-
| '''eeu'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/eːu̯/}}
|-
| '''ei'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/iː/}}
|-
<!--
| '''eu'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/yː/}}
|-->
| '''i, y'''
| {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}<ref name="unstressed"/> || —
|-
| '''ie'''
| colspan="2"| {{IPA|/iə̯, i̯ɪ/}}
|-
| '''ij'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ɪi̯~ei̯/}}
|-
| '''iu'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ɪʊ̯/}}
|-
| '''o'''
| {{IPA|/ɔ/}} || {{IPA|/oː/}}
|-
| '''oa'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/o̯a/}}
|-
| '''oi'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ɔi̯/}}
|-
| '''oo'''
| {{IPA|/oː/}} || &mdash;
|-
| '''ooi'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/oːi̯/}}
|-
| '''oou'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/oːu̯/}}
|-
| '''ou'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/uː/}}
|-
| '''ö'''
| {{IPA|/œ/}} || {{IPA|/øː/}}
|-
| '''öa'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ø̯a/}}
|-
| '''öö'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/øː/}}
|-
| '''öü'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/yː/}}
|-
| '''u'''
| {{IPA|/ʊ/}} || {{IPA|/uː/}}
|-
| '''ue'''
| colspan="2"| {{IPA|/uə̯, u̯ʊ/}}
|-
| '''ui'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ʊɪ̯/}}
|-
| '''uu'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ʊu̯~ou̯/}}
|-
| '''ü'''
| {{IPA|/ʏ/}} || {{IPA|/yː/}}
|-
| '''üe'''
| colspan="2"| {{IPA|/yə̯, y̆ʏ/}}
|-
| '''üü'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ʏy̆~øy̆/}}
|-
|}
|}
<!--
The following additional letters and pronunciations appear in non-native vocabulary or words using older, obsolete spellings (often conserved in proper names):
{|
| style="vertical-align: top" |
{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[Consonant]]s
! rowspan="2" | spelling ||colspan="2"| [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
|-
! normally || final
|-
| '''c'''
| {{IPA|/s/}}, {{IPA|/k/}}, {{IPA|/tʃ/}} <ref name="c">{{angbr|c}} before {{angbr|e}}, {{angbr|i}}, {{angbr|y}}, is pronounced {{IPA|/s/}} (or {{IPA|/tʃ/}} in some loanwords from Italian) and {{IPA|/k/}} otherwise.</ref> || {{IPA|/k/}}
|-
| '''ç'''
| {{IPA|/s/}}<ref>The [[cedilla]] is used to indicate pronunciation as {{IPA|/s/}} when {{angbr|c}} is followed by {{angbr|a}}, {{angbr|o}} or {{angbr|u}}.</ref> || &mdash;
|-
| '''ck'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/k/}}
|-
| '''ch'''
| {{IPA|/ʃ/}}, {{IPA|/tʃ/}}, {{IPA|/k/}} <ref name="ch">{{angbr|ch}} is pronounced {{IPA|/k/}} in Italian loanwords, {{IPA|/ʃ/}}, {{IPA|/tʃ/}} in loanwords from other sources.</ref> || &mdash;
|-
| '''g'''
| {{IPA|/ʒ/}}, {{IPA|/dʒ/}}, {{IPA|/ɡ/}}<ref name="g"/> || {{IPA|/k/}}<ref name="g">{{angbr|g}} may be pronounced {{IPA|/ʒ/}} or {{IPA|/dʒ/}} before {{angbr|e}} {{angbr|i}} or {{angbr|y}} in words of Romance or English origin.</ref>
|-
| '''gh'''
| {{IPA|/ɣ/}}, {{IPA|/x/}} || {{IPA|/x/}}
|-
| '''gch'''
| {{IPA|/x/}} || &mdash;
|-
| '''(i)ll'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/j/}}<ref>{{angbr|(i)ll}} is found in words from French or occasionally Spanish.</ref>
|-
| '''j'''
| {{IPA|/ʒ/}}, {{IPA|/dʒ/}}, {{IPA|/x/}} <ref name="j"/> || {{IPA|/ʃ/}}, {{IPA|/x/}} <ref name="j">{{angbr|j}} is pronounced {{IPA|/x/}} in Spanish loanwords, as a postalveolar in loanwords from other sources.</ref>
|-
| '''ñ'''
| {{IPA|/nj/}}<ref>The letter {{angbr|ñ}} occurs only in a few Spanish loanwords.</ref> || &mdash;
|-
| '''ph'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/f/}}<ref name="ph">Used only in some proper names like ''[[Zutphen]]''. Words of Greek origin are written with {{angbr|f}} but formerly with {{angbr|ph}}.</ref>
|-
| '''q'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/k/}}<ref name="q">In the rare cases when {{angbr|q}} is ''not'' followed by {{angbr|u}}, it is pronounced {{IPA|/k/}}. In those cases, {{angbr|q}} is most likely a result of [[transliteration]] from languages such as [[Arabic language|Arabic]].</ref>
|-
| '''qu'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/kʋ/}}, {{IPA|/k/}}<ref name="qu">{{angbr|qu}} is normally pronounced {{IPA|/kʋ/}} but as {{IPA|/k/}} before {{angbr|e}} or {{angbr|i}} in loanwords from French or Spanish.</ref>
|-
| '''s'''
|  {{IPA|/z/}}<ref name="s">{{angbr|s}} may be pronounced {{IPA|/z/}} before a vowel in words of foreign origin.</ref> || &mdash;
|-
| '''sch'''
| {{IPA|/ʃ/}}<ref name="sch2"/> || {{IPA|/ʃ/}}, {{IPA|/s/}}<ref name="sch2">{{IPA|/ʃ/}} is used mostly in words of German origin. It is also {{IPA|/s/}} finally in older Dutch spellings, which are now spelled with just {{angbr|s}}</ref>
|-
| '''sh'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ʃ/}}
|-
| '''sj'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ʃ/}}<ref name="(t)sj">{{IPA|/ʃ/}} and {{IPA|/tʃ/}} occur as independent phonemes only in words of foreign origin. The sounds are approximated using the "native" spellings {{angbr|sj}} and {{angbr|tsj}} respectively.</ref>
|-
| '''sz'''
| — || {{IPA|/s/}}<ref name="sz">Used in some proper names such as ''[[Lambert Jacobsz|Jacobsz]]'', as a contraction of ''-s zoon'' (...'s son).</ref>
|-
| '''ti(e)'''
| {{IPA|/(t)si/}}<ref name="ti">{{angbr|ti}} followed by a vowel is pronounced {{IPA|/(t)si/}} in loanwords of Latin origin.</ref> || &mdash;
|-
| '''th'''
| {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/d/}}<ref name="th"/> || {{IPA|/t/}}<ref name="th">{{angbr|th}} is {{IPA|/t/}} in words of Greek origin. In English loanwords, it is most often approximated with {{IPA|/t/}} or {{IPA|/d/}} according to the English pronunciation, or speakers may attempt to pronounce dental fricatives, as in English.</ref>
|-
| '''tsj'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/tʃ/}}<ref name="(t)sj"/>
|-
| '''x'''
| {{IPA|/ks/}}, {{IPA|/ɡz/}}<ref name="x">{{angbr|x}} is sometimes pronounced {{IPA|/ɡz/}} between vowels, usually in southern dialects.</ref> || {{IPA|/ks/}}
|-
| '''y'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/j/}}
|-
| '''z'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ts/}}, {{IPA|/dz/}}<ref>{{angbr|z}} is {{IPA|/ts/}} in words of German or Italian origin. In Italian words, it may also be {{IPA|/dz/}} between vowels.</ref>
|-
|}
| style="vertical-align: top" |
{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[Vowel]]s&nbsp;and&nbsp;[[diphthong]]s
! rowspan="2" | spelling || colspan="2" | [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
|-
! checked || free
|-
| '''aaij''', '''aay''', '''aij''', '''ay'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/aːi̯/}}<ref name="ij-y">In diphthongs, {{angbr|ij}} and {{angbr|y}} are obsolete spellings for {{angbr|i}}. They are found mostly in names.</ref>
|-
| '''ae'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/aː/}}, {{IPA|/eː/}}<ref name="ae">{{angbr|ae}} is an obsolete spelling for {{angbr|aa}}. In Latin words, it is treated identical to {{angbr|ee}}.</ref>
|-
| '''aei''', '''aeij''', '''aey'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/aːi̯/}}<ref name="ij-y"/><ref name="ae"/>
|-
| '''ai'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ɛː/}}
|-
| '''au(x)''', '''eau(x)'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/oː/}}<ref name="au">In words of French origin.</ref>
|-
| '''è''', '''ê'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ɛ/}}, {{IPA|/ɛː/}}
|-
| '''é'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/eː/}}, {{IPA|/ei̯/}}
|-
| '''eij''', '''ey'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ɛi̯/}}<ref name="ij-y"/>
|-
| '''eu'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/œː/}}, {{IPA|/œy̯/}}<ref name="eu"> {{angbr|eu}} is pronounced as {{IPA|/œy̯/}} by some speakers in words of Greek origin.</ref>
|-
| '''o''', '''ô'''
| {{IPA|/ɔː/}} || &mdash;
|-
| '''oeij''', '''oey'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ui̯/}}<ref name="ij-y"/>
|-
| '''oi'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ʋɑ/}}, {{IPA|/ʋaː/}}, {{IPA|/oː/}}<ref name="oi">{{angbr|oi}} is pronounced {{IPA|/ʋɑ/}} or {{IPA|/ʋaː/}} in French loanwords. In archaic Dutch spellings, mostly proper nouns, it may also be {{IPA|/oː/}} (for example, [[Oisterwijk]] or [[Helvoirt]]).</ref>
|-
| '''oo'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/u(ː)/}}<ref>{{angbr|oo}} is generally {{IPA|/u(ː)/}} in English loanwords.</ref>
|-
| '''ooij''', '''ooy''', '''oij''', '''oy'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/oːi̯/}}<ref name="ij-y"/>
|-
| '''ou'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/u(ː)/}}<ref>{{angbr|ou}} is generally {{IPA|/u(ː)/}} in loanwords from French or Greek.</ref>
|-
| '''u'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/u(ː)/}}
|-
| '''ui'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ʋi(ː)/}}, {{IPA|/uː/}}<ref>{{angbr|ui}} is pronounced {{IPA|/ʋi(ː)/}} in loanwords from French. In English loanwords, such as ''cruise'', it is {{IPA|/uː/}}.</ref>
|-
| '''uij''', '''uy'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/œy̯/}}<ref name="ij-y"/>
|-
| '''y'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/i/}}, {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, {{IPA|/ɛi̯/}}<ref name="y">{{angbr|y}} is usually pronounced as {{angbr|i}} or {{angbr|ie}}. It is also an obsolete spelling variant of {{angbr|ij}}.</ref>
|}
|}
-->
=====Alphabet=====
{|style="text-align:center"
|
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Letter !! Name !! IPA
|-
| '''A a''' || a || [ʔaː]
|-
| '''B b''' || be || [beː]
|-
| '''C c''' || ce || [tʃʰeː]
|-
| '''D d''' || de || [deː]
|-
| '''E e''' || e || [ʔeː]
|-
| '''F f''' || ef || [ʔɛf]
|-
| '''G g''' || ge || [ɡeː]
|-
| '''H h''' || ha || [ɦaː]
|-
| '''I i''' || ij || [ʔɪi̯]
|}
|
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Letter !! Name !! IPA
|-
| '''J j''' || jot || [jɔtʰ]
|-
| '''K k''' || ka || [kʰaː]
|-
| '''L l''' || el || [ʔɛɫ]
|-
| '''M m''' || em || [ʔɛm]
|-
| '''N n''' || en || [ʔɛn]
|-
| '''O o''' || o || [ʔoː]
|-
| '''P p''' || pe || [pʰeː]
|-
| '''Q q''' || kuu || [kʰʊu̯]
|-
| '''R r''' || er || [ʔɛɾ]
|-
|}
|
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Letter !! Name !! IPA
|-
| '''S s''' || es || [ʔɛs]
|-
| '''T t''' || te || [tʰeː]
|-
| '''U u''' || uu || [ʔʊu̯]
|-
| '''V v''' || ve || [veː]
|-
| '''W w''' || dobbel ve || [ˈdɔbəɫ veː]
|-
| '''X x''' || iks || [ʔɪks]
|-
| '''Y y''' || ɡreike ij || [ˈɡɾiːkə ʔɪi̯]
|-
| ('''IJ ij''') || loange ij || [ˈlo̯aŋə ʔɪi̯]
|-
| '''Z z''' || zet || [zɛtʰ]
|}
|}


====Consonants====
====Consonants====
Line 193: Line 666:
² After /w/.
² After /w/.
-->
-->
===Morphophonology===
<!--
====Lenition====
When a word ending in a voiceless stop or fricative has a vowel-initial suffix added, the final consonant becomes a voiced fricative. This is known as lenition.


Not all such words undergo lenition. Whether a word undergoes lenition or not is predictable from its orthography.
===Historical phonology===
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
The table below summarizes the consonants that can undergo lenition when they occur at the end of a word. Note that this table specifically indicates how consonants are written word-finally and when lenited. The same phonemes may be written differently in other environments.
|+
{|class=wikitable style="text-align: center"
! Old English !! Environment !! Voltch !! Remarks
|+ Word-final consonants that can undergo lenition
|-
! rowspan="2"| Phoneme !! colspan="2" |Unlenited form !! colspan="3"| Lenited form !! colspan="2"| Non-leniting equivalent
! colspan="4"| Vowels
|-
| rowspan="3"| a || lengthened || a (long), aa
|-
| unstressed || e (schwa)
|-
| otherwise || a (short)
|-
| ā || everywhere || uo
|-
| rowspan="2"| æ, ea || lengthened || ä (long), ää
|-
| otherwise || ä (short)
|-
| ǣ || everywhere || ie
|-
| rowspan="3"| e || lengthened || ea
|-
| unstressed || e (schwa)
|-
| otherwise || e (short)
|-
| ē || everywhere || ei
|-
| rowspan="2"| eo || lengthened || öa
|-
| otherwise || ö
|-
|-
! Egelstaiv !! Tjenstæf !! IPA !! Egelstaiv !! Tjenstæf !! Egelstaiv !! Tjenstæf
| ēo || everywhere || öü
|-
|-
| p || p || p || rowspan="2"| v || rowspan="2"| v || rowspan="2"| v || pp || pp
| ēa || everywhere || üe
|-
|-
| f || v || f || f || ff
| rowspan="3"| i, ie || lengthened || e (long), ee
|-
|-
| t || t || t || rowspan="2"|ð || rowspan="2"|dh || rowspan="2"|ð || tt || tt
| before h + consonant
| e (short)
|-
|-
| θ || dh || þ || th || þþ
| otherwise || i
|-
|-
| s || z || s || z || z || z || s || ss
| ī, īe || everywhere || ij
|-
|-
| ʃ || zh || c || ʒ || zh || cz || sh || cc, sc
| rowspan="3"| o || lengthened || oa
|-
|-
| k || k || k || rowspan="2"| ∅¹ || rowspan="2"| ∅¹ || rowspan="2"|∅¹ || ck || kk
| unstressed || e (schwa)
|-
|-
| x || gh || h || ch || hh
| otherwise || o (short)
|-
|-
|}
| ō || everywhere || ou
 
'''Notes:'''
 
¹ The consonant is dropped, leading to predictable vowel simplifications (see the next section below).
 
====Vowel simplifications====
When vowels are brought into hiatus, due to the addition of a vowel-initial suffix to a vowel-final word or the lenition of /k/ or /x/, the hiatus is simplified according to the following rules.
<!--
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+
! 2nd > <br /> 1st v !! a !! au/á !! ä !! ai/æ !! e !! ei/é !! ea/je !! i !! ie/í !! ö !! oi/œ !! eo/jö !! ü/y !! üe/ý !! eu/öu !! eou/jöu !! o !! ou/ó !! oa/wo !! u !! ue/ú
|-
|-
! a
| rowspan="2"| u || lengthened || o (long), oo
| colspan="2"|au/á || colspan="12"| ai/æ || colspan="7" | au/á
|-
|-
! au/á
| otherwise || u
! ä
! ai/æ
! e
! ei/é
! ea/je
! i
! ie/í
! ö
! oi/œ
! eo/jö
! ü/y
! üe/ý
! eu/öu
! eou/jöu
! o
! ou/ó
! oa/wo
! u
! ue/ú
|}
--
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+
! colspan="2" | First vowel !! colspan="2" | Second vowel !! colspan="2" | Result !! rowspan="2"|Remarks
|-
|-
! Egelstaiv !! Tjenstæf !! Egelstaiv !! Tjenstæf !! Egelstaiv !! Tjenstæf
| ū || everywhere || uu
|-
|-
| a, au, ä, ai || a, á, ä, æ || ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe || ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í, ö, œ, jö, y, ý || ai || æ ||
| rowspan="2"| y || lengthened || ö (long), öö
|-
|-
| a, au, ä, ai || a, á, ä, æ || a, au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou || a, á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu || au || á ||
| otherwise || ü
|-
|-
| e, ei || e, é || a, ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie || ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í || ei || é ||
| ȳ || everywhere || üü
|-
|-
| e, ei || e, é || au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou || á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu || eu || öu ||
! colspan="4" | Consonants
|-
|-
| e, ei || e, é || ö, oi, eo, ü, üe || ö, œ, jö, y, ý || oi || œ ||
| b || || b
|-
|-
| ea || je || a, ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie || ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í || ea || je ||
| c || || k
|-
|-
| ea || je || au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou || á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu || eou || jöu ||
| ċ || || c
|-
|-
| ea || je || ö, oi, eo, ü, üe || ö, œ, jö, y, ý || oi || œ ||
| d || || d
|-
|-
| i, ie || i, í || a, ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie || ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í || ie || í ||
| rowspan="2"| f || unvoiced || f
|-
|-
| i, ie || i, í || au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe || á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu, ö, œ, jö, y, ý || üe || ý ||
| voiced || v || voiced word-initially, between vowels, and after liquids before vowels.
|-
|-
| o, ou || o, ó || ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe || ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í, ö, œ, jö, y, ý || oi || œ ||
| g || || g, ∅
|-
|-
| o, ou || o, ó || a, au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe || á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu || ou || ó ||
| ġ || || j
|-
|-
| oa || wo || ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe || ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í, ö, œ, jö, y, ý || oi || œ ||
| h || || h, ch
|-
|-
| oa || wo || a, au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou || á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu || oa || wo ||
| l || || l
|-
|-
| u, ue || u, ú || ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe || ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í, ö, œ, jö, y, ý || üe || ý ||
| m || || m
|-
|-
| u, ue || u, ú || a,au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou || á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu || ue || ú ||
| n || || n
|-
|-
| ö, oi || ö, œ || a, ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe || ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í, ö, œ, jö, y, ý || oi || œ ||
| p || || p
|-
|-
| ö, oi || ö, œ || au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe || á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu || eu || öu ||
| r || || r
|-
|-
| eo || jö || a, ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe || ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í, ö, œ, jö, y, ý || eo || jö ||
| s || || s, z
|-
|-
| eo || jö || au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou || á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu  || eou || jöu ||
| t || || t
|-
|-
| ü, üe || y, ý || colspan="2"| Any vowel <!--ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe, au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe || ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í, ö, œ, jö, y, ý, a, á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu--> || üe || ý ||
| w || || w, ∅
|-
|-
|}
|}
-->


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
===Nouns===
<!--
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Strong noun declension
! || Nominative !! Accusative !! Dative !! Genitive
|-
! SM
| — || -en || -em || -es
|-
! SF
| -e || -e || -er || -er
|-
! SN
| — || — || -em || -es
|-
! P
| -e || -e || -em || -er
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Weak noun declension
! || Nominative !! Accusative !! Dative !! Genitive
|-
! SM
| -e || -en || -en || -en
|-
! SF
| -e || -en || -en || -en
|-
! SN
| -e || -e || -en || -en
|-
! P
| -en || -en || -em || -er
|-
|}-->
===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
====Personal pronouns====
====Personal pronouns====
<!--
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
!rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Subject !! colspan="2"|Object !! colspan="2"|Possessive
|+ Personal pronouns
|-
! || Nominative !! Accusative !! Dative !! Possessive !! Reflexive
! Egelstaiv !! Tjenstæf !! Egelstaiv !! Tjenstæf !! Egelstaiv !! Tjenstæf
|-
|-
! 1S
! 1S
| meizh || méc || mei || mé || mien || mín
| ic || mec || mei || mijn || meizealf
|-
|-
! 2S
! 2SI
| due || dú || dei || dé || dien || dín
| duu || dec || dei || dijn || deizealf
|-
|-
! 3SM
! 3SM
| sei || sé || soan || swon || saiz || sæs
| hei || heen || him || his || himzealf
|-
|-
! 3SF
! 3SF
| soi || sœ || soa || swo || sear || sjer
| höü || höü || heer || heer || heerzealf
|-
|-
! 3SN
! 3SN
| daidh || dæþ || daidh || dæþ || daiz || dæs
| hit || hit || him || his || himzealf
|-
! 1D
| wit || oonk || oonk || oonker || oonkzealf
|-
! 2D
| jit || jeenk || jeenk || jeenker || jeenkzealf
|-
! 3D
| bein || bein || biem || bier || biemzealf
|-
|-
! 1P
! 1P
| bei || bé || buez || bús || buer || búr
| wei || uus || uus || uur || uuszealf
|-
|-
! 2P
! 2P/F
| jei || djé || jeu || djöu || jeur || djöur
| jei || jöü || jöü || jöür || jöüzealf
|-
|-
! 3P
! 3P
| goi || gœ || gein || gén || geor || gjör
| hij || hij || höm || höar || hömzealf
|-
|-
|}
|}
-->
 
===Numerals===
===Demonstratives and Articles===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Indefinite article
! || Nominative !! Accusative !! Dative !! Genitive
|-
! SM
| aan || anen || anem || anes
|-
! SF
| ane || ane || aner || aner
|-
! SN
| aan || aan || anem || anes
|-
|}
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Negative article
! || Nominative !! Accusative !! Dative !! Genitive
|-
! SM
| naan || nanen || nanem || nanes
|-
! SF
| nane || nane || naner || naner
|-
! SN
| naan || naan || nanem || nanes
|-
! P
| nane || nane || nanem || naner
|}
<!--
<!--
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" | Number !! colspan="2" | Cardinal !! colspan="2' | Ordinal
|+ Definite article
! || Nominative !! Accusative !! Dative !! Genitive
|-
! SM
| de || dän || dem || däs
|-
! SF
| dö || dö || der || der
|-
! SN
| dät || dät || dem || däs
|-
! P
| do || do || dom || dor
|-
|}-->
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Definitie article and neutral demonstrative
! || Nominative !! Accusative !! Dative !! Genitive
|-
! SM
| dei || dään || diem || däs
|-
! SF
| döü || döü || dier || dier
|-
! SN
| dät || dät || diem || däs
|-
! P
| due || due || duem || duer
|-
|}
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Near demonstrative
! || Nominative !! Accusative !! Dative !! Genitive
|-
! SM
| dis || dissen || dissem || disses
|-
! SF
| disse || disse || disser || disser
|-
! SN
| dis || dis || dissem || disses
|-
! P
| disse || disse || dissem || disser
|-
|}
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Far demonstrative
! colspan=5 | Strong declension
|-
! || Nominative !! Accusative !! Dative !! Genitive
|-
! SM
| joan || joanen || joanem || joanes
|-
! SF
| joane || joane || joaner || joaner
|-
! SN
| joan || joan || joanem || joanes
|-
! P
| joane || joane || joanem || joaner
|-
! colspan="5"| Weak declension
|-
! SM
| joane || joanen || joanen || joanen
|-
! SF
| joane || joanen || joanen || joanen
|-
! SN
| joane || joane || joanen || joanen
|-
! P
| joanen || joanen || joanem || joanen
|-
|}
 
===Adjectives===
(Note: -e- in endings is dropped after vowels)
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Strong adjective declension
! || Nominative !! Accusative !! Dative !! Genitive
|-
|-
! Egelstaiv !! Tjenstæf!! Egelstaiv !! Tjenstæf
! SM
| — || -en || -em || -es
|-
! SF
| -e || -e || -er || -er
|-
! SN
| — || — || -em || -es
|-
! P
| -e || -e || -em || -er
|-
|}
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Weak adjective declension
! || Nominative !! Accusative !! Dative !! Genitive
|-
! SM
| -e || -en || -en || -en
|-
! SF
| -e || -en || -en || -en
|-
! SN
| -e || -e || -en || -en
|-
! P
| -en || -en || -em || -en
|-
|}
 
===Numerals===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! Number !! Cardinal !! Ordinal (all wk.)
|-
|-
!0
!0
| noucht || nóht || nouchth || nóhþ
| nuecht (str. noun n. sg.) || nuechtede
|-
|-
!1
!1
| oan || won || worm || worm
| uen (str. adj. sg.) || ierste
|-
|-
!2
!2
| thwoa || þwo || thwoudher || þwóðer
| twue (str. adj. pl.) || twuede
|-
|-
!3
!3
| droi || drœ || drett || drett
| dröü (str. adj. pl.) || dridde
|-
|-
!4
!4
| heour || hjöur || heourdh || hjöurþ
| vöür || vöürde
|-
|-
!5
!5
| wiev || wíf || wift || wift
| vijf || vijfte
|-
|-
!6
!6
| sois || sœs || soist || sœst
| zechs || zechste
|-
|-
!7
!7
| seoun || sjöun || seound || sjöund
| zöaven || zöavde
|-
|-
!8
!8
| ächt || äht || ächth || ähþ
| ächt || ächtede
|-
|-
!9
!9
| nein || nén || neind || nénd
| nijn || nijde
|-
|-
!10
!10
| thüen || þýn || thoidh || þœþ
| tein || töüde
|-
|-
!11
!11
| eleun || elöun || eleund || elöund
| ellöaven || ellöavde
|-
|-
!12
!12
| thwelv || þwelf || thwelft || þwelft
| twealf || twealfte
|-
|-
!13
!13
|droidhün || drœðyn || droidhödh || drœðöþ
| dröütein || dröütöüde
|-
|-
!14
!14
| heourdhün || hjöurðyn||heourdhödh || hjöurðöþ
| vöürtein || vöürtöüde
|-
|-
!15
!15
| wiftün || wiftyn ||wiftödh || wiftöþ
| vijftein || vijftöüde
|-
|-
!16
!16
| soistün || sœstyn || soistödh || sœstöþ
| zechstein || zechstöüde
|-
|-
!17
!17
| seoundün || sjöundyn || seoundödh || sjöundöþ
| zöaventein || zöaventöüde
|-
|-
!18
!18
| ächtün || ähtyn || ächtödh || ähtöþ
| ächtein || ächtöüde
|-
|-
!19
!19
| neindün || néndyn || neindödh || néndöþ
| nijntein || nijntöüde
|-
|-
!20
!20
| thwendei || þwendé || thwendeidh || þwendéþ
| tweintij || tweintijde
|-
! 30
| drijtij || drijtijde
|-
! 40
| vöürtij || vöürtijde
|-
! 50
| vijftij || vijftijde
|-
! 60
| zechstij || zechstijde
|-
! 70
| zöaventij || zöaventijde
|-
! 80
| ächtij || ächtijde
|-
! 90
| nijntij || nijntijde
|-
! 100
| hundred (str. noun n.) || hundredde
|-
! 1000
| duuzend (str. noun n.) || duuzende
|-
|-
|}
|}
<!--
Older, for reference:
Dœðesc: won /wɔn/, þwo /θwo/, drœ /drøy/, hjór /çour/, wíf /wi:f/, sex /sɛʃ/, sjöun /ʃœun/, äht /æχt/, nén /nein/, þín /θi:n/
Doidhesh (alternate orthography): oan, thwoa, droi, hiour, wijv, sesh, seoun, ächt, nein, thijn
-->
===Nouns===
<!--
Nouns are pluralized with the ending ''-as''. The singular is usually used if the context makes it clear that the word is plural (such as after numerals, plural determiners, etc.).-->
===Adjectives===


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
<!--
<!--
The citation form of verbs is generally ''infinitive, present, past''.
The citation form of verbs is generally ''infinitive, present, past''.
Doidhesh verbs do not conjugate for person or number.
Doidhesh verbs do not conjugate for person or number.
Verbs are conjugated for three aspects, three tenses, and three voices.
Verbs are conjugated for three aspects, three tenses, and three voices.
Tenses are marked by the verb form:
Tenses are marked by the verb form:
*Present: Uses present form.
*Present: Uses present form.
Line 442: Line 1,116:
*Future: Uses future form.
*Future: Uses future form.
**This is formed by replacing the final ''-n'' of the infinitive with ''-d''.
**This is formed by replacing the final ''-n'' of the infinitive with ''-d''.
Aspects are marked with particles preceding the verb:
Aspects are marked with particles preceding the verb:
*Imperfective: No marker
*Imperfective: No marker
*Perfective: ''poi/pœ''
*Perfective: ''poi/pœ''
*Habitual: ''bed''
*Habitual: ''bed''
Voices are marked with particles preceding the aspect marker:
Voices are marked with particles preceding the aspect marker:
*Active: No marker
*Active: No marker
*Middle: ''toun/tón''
*Middle: ''toun/tón''
*Passive: ''maudh/máþ''
*Passive: ''maudh/máþ''
Note that subject pronouns are obligatory, and they come before the voice marker.
Note that subject pronouns are obligatory, and they come before the voice marker.
In summary, a verb is formed as follows: ''subject pronoun + voice marker + aspect marker + tense-specific form of verb''
In summary, a verb is formed as follows: ''subject pronoun + voice marker + aspect marker + tense-specific form of verb''
-->
-->
====Examples of strong verbs====
=====Class 1=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''bijten'' "to bite" (strong class 1)
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| bijten
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| bijtend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| ibeten
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| bijte || rowspan="3"| bijte || buet || rowspan="3"| bete ||
|-
! 2SI
| bijtst || buetst || bijt
|-
! 3S
| bijtet || buet ||
|-
! P
| bijtet || bijten || beten || beten || bijtet
|-
|}
=====Class 2=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''kröüpen'' "to crawl" (strong class 2)
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| kröüpen
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| kröüpend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| ikroapen
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| kröüpe || rowspan="3"| kröüpe || krüep || rowspan="3"| krope ||
|-
! 2SI
| krijpst || krüepst || kröüp
|-
! 3S
| krijpt || krüep ||
|-
! P
| kröüpt || kröüpen || kropen || kropen || kröüpt
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''bruuken'' "to use" (strong class 2)
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| bruuken
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| bruukend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| ibroaken
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| bruuke || rowspan="3"| bruuke || brüek || rowspan="3"| broke ||
|-
! 2SI
| brüükst || brüekst || bruuk
|-
! 3S
| brüükt || brüek ||
|-
! P
| bruukt || bruuken || broken || broken || bruukt
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''cöüzen'' "to choose" (strong class 2)
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| cöüzen
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| cöüzend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| icoaren
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| cöüze || rowspan="3"| cöüze || cües || rowspan="3"| coze ||
|-
! 2SI
| cijst || cüest || cöüs
|-
! 3S
| cijst || cües ||
|-
! P
| cöüst || cöüzen || coren || coren || cöüst
|-
|}
=====Class 3=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''zeengen'' "to sing" (strong class 3)
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| zeengen
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| zeengend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| izoongen
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| zeenge || rowspan="3"| zeenge || zaang || rowspan="3"| zoonge ||
|-
! 2SI
| zeengst || zaangst || zeeng
|-
! 3S
| zeengt || zaang ||
|-
! P
| zeengt || zeengen || zoongen || zoongen || zeengt
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''healpen'' "to help" (strong class 3)
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| healpen
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| healpend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| ihoalpen
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| healpe || rowspan="3"| healpe || häälp || rowspan="3"| hoolpe ||
|-
! 2SI
| hilpst || häälpst || healp
|-
! 3S
| hilpt || häälp ||
|-
! P
| healpt || healpen || hoolpen || hoolpen || healpt
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''wöarpen'' "to throw" (strong class 3)
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| wöarpen
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| wöarpend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| iwoarpen
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| wöarpe || rowspan="3"| wöarpe || wäärp || rowspan="3"| wrope ||
|-
! 2SI
| wirpst || wäärpst || wöarp
|-
! 3S
| wirpt || wäärp ||
|-
! P
| wöarpt || wöarpen || woorpen || woorpen || wöarpt
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''föchten'' "to fight" (strong class 3)
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| föchten
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| föchtend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| ifochten
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| föchte || rowspan="3"| föchte || fächt || rowspan="3"| fächte ||
|-
! 2SI
| fechtest || fächtest || föcht
|-
! 3S
| fechtet || fächt ||
|-
! P
| föchtet || föchten || fochten || fochten || föchtet
|-
|}
=====Class 4=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''zeengen'' "to sing" (strong class 3)
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| zeengen
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| zeengend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| izoongen
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| zeenge || rowspan="3"| zeenge || zaang || rowspan="3"| zoonge ||
|-
! 2SI
| zeengst || zaangst || zeeng
|-
! 3S
| zeengt || zaang ||
|-
! P
| zeengt || zeengen || zoongen || zoongen || zeengt
|-
|}
=====Class 5=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''zeengen'' "to sing" (strong class 3)
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| zeengen
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| zeengend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| izoongen
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| zeenge || rowspan="3"| zeenge || zaang || rowspan="3"| zoonge ||
|-
! 2SI
| zeengst || zaangst || zeeng
|-
! 3S
| zeengt || zaang ||
|-
! P
| zeengt || zeengen || zoongen || zoongen || zeengt
|-
|}
======Class 6=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''zeengen'' "to sing" (strong class 3)
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| zeengen
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| zeengend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| izoongen
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| zeenge || rowspan="3"| zeenge || zaang || rowspan="3"| zoonge ||
|-
! 2SI
| zeengst || zaangst || zeeng
|-
! 3S
| zeengt || zaang ||
|-
! P
| zeengt || zeengen || zoongen || zoongen || zeengt
|-
|}
=====Class 7=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''zeengen'' "to sing" (strong class 3)
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| zeengen
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| zeengend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| izoongen
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| zeenge || rowspan="3"| zeenge || zaang || rowspan="3"| zoonge ||
|-
! 2SI
| zeengst || zaangst || zeeng
|-
! 3S
| zeengt || zaang ||
|-
! P
| zeengt || zeengen || zoongen || zoongen || zeengt
|-
|}
=====Irregular=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''wezen'' "to be" (strong irregular)
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| wezen
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| wezend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| iböün
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| öm || rowspan="3"| böü || wäs || rowspan="3"| wiere ||
|-
! 2SI
| ärt || wäst || böü
|-
! 3S
| is || wäs ||
|-
! P
| zind || böün || wieren || wieren || böüt
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''doun'' "to do, make; to cause to" (strong irregular with weak past)
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| doun
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| dound
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| idoun
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| dou || rowspan="3"| dou || döde || rowspan="3"| döde ||
|-
! 2SI
| deist || dödest || dou
|-
! 3S
| deit || döde ||
|-
! P
| dout || doun || döden || döden || dout
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''guen'' "to go" (strong irregular with weak past)
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| guen
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| guend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| iguen
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| gue || rowspan="3"| gue || öüde || rowspan="3"| öüde ||
|-
! 2SI
| giest || öüdest || gue
|-
! 3S
| giet || öüde ||
|-
! P
| guet || guen || öüden || öüden || guet
|-
|}
====Examples of weak verbs====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''loven'' "to love" (weak regular)
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| loven
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| lovend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| iloovd
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| love || rowspan="3"| love || loovde || rowspan="3"| loovde ||
|-
! 2SI
| loofst || loovdest || loof
|-
! 3S
| looft || loovde ||
|-
! P
| looft || loven || loovden || loovden || looft
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''häbben'' "to have" (weak irregular)
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| häbben
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| häbbend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| ihäd
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| häbbe || rowspan="3"| häbbe || hädde || rowspan="3"| hädde ||
|-
! 2SI
| häst || häddest || hääf
|-
! 3S
| hät || hädde ||
|-
! P
| häbt || häbben || hädden || hädden || häbt
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''zecgen'' "to say" (weak irregular)
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| zecgen
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| zecgend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| izaaid
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| zecge || rowspan="3"| zecge || zaaide || rowspan="3"| zaaide ||
|-
! 2SI
| zaaist || zaaidest || zaai
|-
! 3S
| zaait || zaaide ||
|-
! P
| zecget || zecgen || zaaiden || zaaiden || zecget
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''libben'' "to live" (weak irregular)
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| libben
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| libbend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| ilivd
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| libbe || rowspan="3"| libbe || livde || rowspan="3"| livde ||
|-
! 2SI
| lööfst || livdest || lööf
|-
! 3S
| lööft || livde ||
|-
! P
| libt || libben || livden || livden || libt
|-
|}
====Examples of preterite-present verbs====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''kunnen'' "to be familiar with; to be able to (do)"
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| kunnen
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| kunnend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| ikuud
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| kan || rowspan="3"| kunne || kuude || rowspan="3"| kuude ||
|-
! 2SI
| kanst || kuudest || kun
|-
! 3S
| kan || kuude ||
|-
! P
| kunnen || kunnen || kuuden || kuuden || kunt
|-
|}
Conjugated like ''kunnen'' is ''junnen'' "to grant, gift".
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''willen'' "to want; to be going to"
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| willen
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| willend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| iwoald
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| wil || rowspan="3"| wille || woalde || rowspan="3"| woalde ||
|-
! 2SI
| wilst || woaldest || wil
|-
! 3S
| wil || woalde ||
|-
! P
| willen || willen || woalden || woalden || wilt
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''scolen'' "to must"
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| scolen
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| scolend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| iscoald
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| scäl || rowspan="3"| scöle || scoalde || rowspan="3"| scoalde ||
|-
! 2SI
| scälst || scoaldest || scool
|-
! 3S
| scäl || scoalde ||
|-
! P
| scolen || scölen || scoalden || scoalden || scoolt
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''uegen'' "to be allowed (to)"
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| uegen
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| uegend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| juecht
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| ueg || rowspan="3"| uege || uechte || rowspan="3"| uechte ||
|-
! 2SI
| uegst || uechtest || ueg
|-
! 3S
| ueg || uechte ||
|-
! P
| uegen || uegen || uechten || uechten || uegt
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''weten'' "to know, to be aware (of)"
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| weten
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| wetend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| iwist
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| wuet || rowspan="3"| wete || wiste || rowspan="3"| wiste ||
|-
! 2SI
| wuetst || wetest || weet
|-
! 3S
| wuet || wiste ||
|-
! P
| weten || weten || wisten || wisten || wet
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''inogen'' "to be content, to have enough; to enjoy"
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| inogen
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| inogend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| inocht
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| inäg || rowspan="3"| inöge || inochte || rowspan="3"| inochte ||
|-
! 2SI
| inägst || inochtest || inoog
|-
! 3S
| inäg || inochte ||
|-
! P
| inogen || inögen || inochten || inochten || inoogt
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''maain'' "to succeed (in)"
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| maain
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| maaind
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| imecht
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| maai || rowspan="3"| maai || mechte || rowspan="3"| mechte ||
|-
! 2SI
| maaist || mechtest || maai
|-
! 3S
| maai || mechte ||
|-
! P
| maain || maain || mechten || mechten || maait
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''dogen'' "to be suitable (for), to be able (to)"
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| dogen
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| dogend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| idocht
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| düeg || rowspan="3"| döge || dochte || rowspan="3"| dochte ||
|-
! 2SI
| düegst || dochtest || doog
|-
! 3S
| düeg || dochte ||
|-
! P
| dogen || dögen || dochten || dochten || doogt
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''mouten'' "to possibly (do), to might"
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| mouten
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| moutend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| imoust
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| mout || rowspan="3"| moute || mouste || rowspan="3"| mouste ||
|-
! 2SI
| moutst || moustest || mout
|-
! 3S
| mout || mouste ||
|-
! P
| mouten || mouten || mousten || mousten || moutet
|-
|}
==Syntax==
==Syntax==
==Vocabulary==
==Vocabulary==
===Time - ''tijd''===
===Time - ''Tijd''===
<!--
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Seasons - ''Sealas/Sjelas''
|+ Seasons - ''Due jüertijde''
! English !! Doidhesh
! English !! Voltch
|-
|-
| spring || lengthen/lengþen
| spring || lengten
|-
|-
| summer || soumer/sómer
| summer || zomer
|-
|-
| fall || gärst
| fall || häärvest
|-
|-
| winter || bender
| winter || weenter
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 533: Line 2,020:
| December || Earjoul/Jerdjól
| December || Earjoul/Jerdjól
|-
|-
|}
|}-->


{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Days of the week - ''Tais auv beizh/Tæs áf béc''
|+ Days of the week - ''Due daais of döü weken''
! English !! Doidhesh
! English !! Voltch
|-
|-
| Sunday || Sondai/Sondæ
| Sunday || ierstendaai
|-
|-
| Monday || Moundai/Mondæ
| Monday || twuedendaai
|-
|-
| Tuesday || Thüestai/Þýstæ
| Tuesday || driddendaai
|-
|-
| Wednesday || Wonstai/Wonstæ
| Wednesday || vöürdendaai
|-
|-
| Thursday || Dorstai/Dorstæ
| Thursday || vijftendaai
|-
|-
| Friday || Vriedhai/Vríðæ
| Friday || zechstendaai
|-
|-
| Saturday || Saidherstai/Sæðerstæ
| Saturday || zöavedendaai
|-
|-
|}
|}


{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Parts of the day - ''Tealas auv tai/Tjelas áf tæ''
|+ Parts of the day - ''Due duele of duem daaie''
! English !! Doidhesh
! English !! Voltch
|-  
|-  
| day || tai/tæ
| day || daai
|-
|-
| dawn || taihoum/tæhóm
| dawn || daging
|-
|-
| morning || morn
| morning || moargen
|-
|-
| noon || mittai/mittæ
| noon || middaai
|-
|-
| afternoon || äftermittai/äftermittæ
| afternoon || äftermiddaai
|-
|-
| evening || eaven/jeven
| evening || ieven
|-
|-
| dusk || nichthoum/nihthóm
| dusk || nechting
|-
|-
| night || nicht/niht
| night || necht
|-
|-
| midnight || mitnicht/mitniht
| midnight || midnecht
|}
|}


{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Units of time - ''Tealas auv thiet/Tjelas áf þít''
|+ Units of time - ''Uenhuedes of tijde''
! English !! Doidhesh
! English !! Voltch
|-  
|-  
| second || bengwiel/bengwíl
| second || zekoond
|-
|-
| minute || thiemshen/þímcen
| minute || minuute
|-
|-
| hour || thiem/þím
| hour || tijm
|-
|-
| day || tai/tæ
| day || daai
|-
|-
| week || beizh/béc
| week || weke
|-
|-
| month || moundh/mónþ
| month || mound
|-
|-
| season || seal/sjel
| season || jüertijd
|-
|-
| year || jear/djer
| year || jüer
|-
|-
|}
|}


{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Time adverbs - ''Thietleizh piebordhas/Þítléc píborðas''
|+ Time adverbs - ''Tijdes bijwoorde''
! English !! Doidhesh
! English !! Voltch
|-
|-
| now || nue/nú
| now || nuu
|-
|-
| then || don
| then || don
|-
|-
| recently, a short time ago || earnue/jernú
| recently, a short time ago, just || zuenuu
|-
|-
| earlier || ear/jer
| earlier || räder
|-
|-
| soon, shortly || soun/són; äfternue/äfternú
| soon, shortly || zoun
|-
|-
| later || äfter
| later || zijd; läter
|-
|-
| always || sebel
| always || zemblen
|-
|-
| often || oft
| often || often
|-
|-
| sometimes || gwielom/gwílom
| sometimes || wijlen
|-
|-
| rarely || selten
| rarely || zealden
|-
|-
| never || noa/nwo; neaver/njever
| never || niever
|-
|-
| ever || oa/wo; eaver/jever
| ever || iever
|-
|-
| still, yet || jüedh/jýþ
| still, yet || jijt
|-
|-
| already || ju
| already || ier
|-
|-
| today || thoudhai/þóðæ
| today || toudaai
|-
|-
| tonight || thounicht/þóniht
| tonight || tounecht
|-
|-
| yesterday || jörstanai/djörstanæ
| yesterday || jirstendaai
|-
|-
| last night || jörstanicht/djörstaniht
| last night || jirstennecht
|-
|-
| tomorrow || thoumorn/þómorn
| tomorrow || toumoargen
|-
|-
| before yesterday || earjörstanai/jerdjörstanæ
| before yesterday || ierjirstendaai
|-
|-
| two nights ago || earjörstanicht/jerdjörstaniht
| two nights ago || ierjirstennecht
|-
|-
| after tomorrow || äfterthoumorn/äfterþómorn
| after tomorrow || oavermoargen
|-
|-
| this week || thoubeizh/þóbéc
| this week || disse weke
|-
|-
| last week || jörstabeizh/djörstabéc
| last week || lätste weke
|-
|-
| next week || neistbeizh/néstbéc
| next week || nichste weke
|-
|-
-->
|}
|}


===Colours - ''Teas/Tjes''===
===Colours - ''Düeges''===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Colours - ''Teas/Tjes''
|+ Colours - ''Due düeges''
! English !! Gothedish
! English !! Voltch
|-
|-
| white || gweidh/gwéþ
| white || wijt
|-
|-
| grey || kreai/krjei
| grey || grij
|-
|-
| black || plaigh/plæh <!--swärth/swärþ--
| black || zwäärt
|-
|-
| red || reat/rjet
| red || rüed
|-
|-
| orange || reatjeol/rjetdjöl
| orange || orancge
|-
|-
| brown || pruen/prún
| brown || bruun
|-
|-
| yellow || jeol/djöl
| yellow || jöale
|-
|-
| green || krein/krén
| green || grein
|-
|-
| blue || ploi/plœ
| blue || blöü
|-
|-
| pink || rouzen/rózen
| pink || rueze
|-
|-
| purple || pauz/pás
| purple || poorper
|-
|-
| golden || költen
| golden || göölden
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 689: Line 2,177:
==Example texts==
==Example texts==
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)===
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)===
Älle men wöardet vröü and ilijc on uere and rechtem iboaren. Glöüscip and touknounes zind him jifted<!-->Höm wöardet glöüscippes and touknounesse ijuud-->, and hij scolen...
<!--
<!--
'''Eagelstaiv:''' Äl mangün goi maudh pear beazed goi vroi od jeliezh en börd od jericht. Goi maudh jeiv bistom od jüedh, älso goi shail akroav älshoudher en kost auv broudhershev.
'''Eagelstaiv:''' Äl mangün goi maudh pear beazed goi vroi od jeliezh en börd od jericht. Goi maudh jeiv bistom od jüedh, älso goi shail akroav älshoudher en kost auv broudhershev.
Shariifka
7,085

edits

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/369486...372462"

Navigation menu