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→‎Orthography
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Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit
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===Orthography===
===Orthography===
{|
| style="vertical-align: top" |
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Consonants
! rowspan="2" | spelling ||colspan="2"| [[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] || rowspan="2"| Remarks
|-
! normally || final
|-
| '''b'''
| {{IPA|/b/}} || {{IPA|/p/}} ||
|-
| '''ch'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/x/}} ||
|-
|-
| '''c'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/tʃ/}} ||
|-
| ''cg''
| {{IPA|/dʒ/}} || {{IPA|/tʃ/}} || Treated as a double consonant in terms of checking syllables
<!--
| '''chj'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ç/}} ||
|-->
| '''d'''
| {{IPA|/d/}} || {{IPA|/t/}} ||
|-
<!--| '''dj'''
| {{IPA|/dʒ/}} || {{IPA|/tʃ/}} ||
|-->
| '''f'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/f/}} ||
|-
| '''g'''
| {{IPA|/ɡ/}} || {{IPA|/k/}} ||
|-
<!--| '''gj'''
| {{IPA|/ɟ/}} || {{IPA|/c/}} ||
|-->
| '''gh'''
| {{IPA|/ɣ/}} || {{IPA|/x/}} ||
|-
<!--| '''ghj'''
| {{IPA|/ʝ/}} || {{IPA|/ç/}} ||
|-->
| '''h'''
| {{IPA|/ɦ/}} || &mdash; ||
|-
| '''j'''
| {{IPA|/j/}} || &mdash; ||
|-
| '''k'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/k/}} ||
|-
<!--| '''kj'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/c/}} ||
|-->
| '''l'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/l/}} || Pronounced dark/velarized ([ɫ]) word-finally and before consonants.
|-
| '''lj'''
| colspan="2"| {{IPA|/ʎ/}}
|-
| '''m'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/m/}} ||
|-
| '''n'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/n/}} || Assimilates place of articulation with following consonant.
|-
| '''nj'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ɲ/}} ||
|-
| '''ng'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ŋ/}} ||
|-
| '''p'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/p/}} ||
|-
| '''q'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/k/}} || In loanwords
|-
| '''qu'''
| {{IPA|/kv/}} || &mdash; || In loanwords
|-
| '''r'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/r/}} ||
|-
| '''s'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/s/}} ||
|-
| '''sc'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ʃ/}} ||
|-
<!--| '''sch'''
| {{IPA|/sx/}}, {{IPA|/s/}}<ref name="sch"/> || {{IPA|/s/}}<ref name="sch">Used only in the suffix ''-isch'' {{IPA|/is/}} and its form ''-ische'' {{IPA|/isə/}}.</ref>
|-->
| '''t'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/t/}} ||
|-
<!--| '''tj'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/tʃ/}} ||
|-
| '''th'''
| {{IPA|/t/}}|| &mdash; || Mostly in loanwords, or dialectal for /θ/.
|-->
| '''v'''
| {{IPA|/v/}} || &mdash; ||
|-
| '''w'''
| {{IPA|/v/}} || {{IPA|/f/}} ||
|-
| '''x'''
| colspan="2"| {{IPA|/ks/}} || In loanwords
|-
| '''z'''
| {{IPA|/z/}} || &mdash; ||
|-
| '''zj'''
| {{IPA|/ʒ/}} || &mdash; || In loanwords
|-
|}
| style="vertical-align: top" |
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Vowels&nbsp;and&nbsp;diphthongs
! rowspan="2" | spelling || colspan="2" | [[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
|-
! checked || free
|-
| '''a'''
| {{IPA|/ɑ/}} || {{IPA|/aː/}}
|-
| '''aa'''
| {{IPA|/aː/}} || &mdash;
|-
| '''ä'''
| {{IPA|/æ/}} || {{IPA|/ɛː/}}
|-
| '''ää'''
| {{IPA|/ɛː/}} || &mdash;
|-


| '''aai'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/aːi̯/}}
|-
| '''ai'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ɑi̯/}}
|-
| '''au'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ɔu̯/}}
|-
| '''e'''
| {{IPA|/ɛ/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}<ref name="unstressed"/> || {{IPA|/e(ː)/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}<ref name="unstressed">{{angbr|e}} and {{angbr|i}}, when unstressed, are sometimes pronounced {{IPA|/ə/}}.</ref>
|-
| '''ee'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/eː/}}
|-
| '''eei'''
|
|-
| '''eeu'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/eːu̯/}}
|-
| '''ei'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/iː/}}
|-
| '''eu'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/øː/}}
|-
| '''i, y'''
| {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}<ref name="unstressed"/> || —
|-
| '''ie'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/iə̯/}}
|-
| '''ij'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ei̯~ɪi̯/}}
|-
| '''iu'''
|
|-
| '''o'''
| {{IPA|/ɔ/}} || {{IPA|/oː/}}
|-
| '''oi'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ɔi̯/}}
|-
| '''oo'''
| {{IPA|/o(ː)/}} || &mdash;
|-
| '''ooi'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/oːi̯/}}
|-
| '''oou'''
|
|-
| '''ou'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/u(ː)/}}
|-
| '''ö'''
|
|-
| '''öö'''
|
|-
| '''öü'''
|
|-
| '''u'''
| {{IPA|/ʊ/}} || {{IPA|/uː/}}
|-
| '''uo'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/uə̯/}}
|-
| '''ui'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ʊɪ̯/}}
|-
| '''uu'''
| {{IPA|/y(ː)/}}  || &mdash;
|-
| '''ü'''
|-
| '''üü'''
|-
|}
|}
<!--
The following additional letters and pronunciations appear in non-native vocabulary or words using older, obsolete spellings (often conserved in proper names):
{|
| style="vertical-align: top" |
{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[Consonant]]s
! rowspan="2" | spelling ||colspan="2"| [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
|-
! normally || final
|-
| '''c'''
| {{IPA|/s/}}, {{IPA|/k/}}, {{IPA|/tʃ/}} <ref name="c">{{angbr|c}} before {{angbr|e}}, {{angbr|i}}, {{angbr|y}}, is pronounced {{IPA|/s/}} (or {{IPA|/tʃ/}} in some loanwords from Italian) and {{IPA|/k/}} otherwise.</ref> || {{IPA|/k/}}
|-
| '''ç'''
| {{IPA|/s/}}<ref>The [[cedilla]] is used to indicate pronunciation as {{IPA|/s/}} when {{angbr|c}} is followed by {{angbr|a}}, {{angbr|o}} or {{angbr|u}}.</ref> || &mdash;
|-
| '''ck'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/k/}}
|-
| '''ch'''
| {{IPA|/ʃ/}}, {{IPA|/tʃ/}}, {{IPA|/k/}} <ref name="ch">{{angbr|ch}} is pronounced {{IPA|/k/}} in Italian loanwords, {{IPA|/ʃ/}}, {{IPA|/tʃ/}} in loanwords from other sources.</ref> || &mdash;
|-
| '''g'''
| {{IPA|/ʒ/}}, {{IPA|/dʒ/}}, {{IPA|/ɡ/}}<ref name="g"/> || {{IPA|/k/}}<ref name="g">{{angbr|g}} may be pronounced {{IPA|/ʒ/}} or {{IPA|/dʒ/}} before {{angbr|e}} {{angbr|i}} or {{angbr|y}} in words of Romance or English origin.</ref>
|-
| '''gh'''
| {{IPA|/ɣ/}}, {{IPA|/x/}} || {{IPA|/x/}}
|-
| '''gch'''
| {{IPA|/x/}} || &mdash;
|-
| '''(i)ll'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/j/}}<ref>{{angbr|(i)ll}} is found in words from French or occasionally Spanish.</ref>
|-
| '''j'''
| {{IPA|/ʒ/}}, {{IPA|/dʒ/}}, {{IPA|/x/}} <ref name="j"/> || {{IPA|/ʃ/}}, {{IPA|/x/}} <ref name="j">{{angbr|j}} is pronounced {{IPA|/x/}} in Spanish loanwords, as a postalveolar in loanwords from other sources.</ref>
|-
| '''ñ'''
| {{IPA|/nj/}}<ref>The letter {{angbr|ñ}} occurs only in a few Spanish loanwords.</ref> || &mdash;
|-
| '''ph'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/f/}}<ref name="ph">Used only in some proper names like ''[[Zutphen]]''. Words of Greek origin are written with {{angbr|f}} but formerly with {{angbr|ph}}.</ref>
|-
| '''q'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/k/}}<ref name="q">In the rare cases when {{angbr|q}} is ''not'' followed by {{angbr|u}}, it is pronounced {{IPA|/k/}}. In those cases, {{angbr|q}} is most likely a result of [[transliteration]] from languages such as [[Arabic language|Arabic]].</ref>
|-
| '''qu'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/kʋ/}}, {{IPA|/k/}}<ref name="qu">{{angbr|qu}} is normally pronounced {{IPA|/kʋ/}} but as {{IPA|/k/}} before {{angbr|e}} or {{angbr|i}} in loanwords from French or Spanish.</ref>
|-
| '''s'''
|  {{IPA|/z/}}<ref name="s">{{angbr|s}} may be pronounced {{IPA|/z/}} before a vowel in words of foreign origin.</ref> || &mdash;
|-
| '''sch'''
| {{IPA|/ʃ/}}<ref name="sch2"/> || {{IPA|/ʃ/}}, {{IPA|/s/}}<ref name="sch2">{{IPA|/ʃ/}} is used mostly in words of German origin. It is also {{IPA|/s/}} finally in older Dutch spellings, which are now spelled with just {{angbr|s}}</ref>
|-
| '''sh'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ʃ/}}
|-
| '''sj'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ʃ/}}<ref name="(t)sj">{{IPA|/ʃ/}} and {{IPA|/tʃ/}} occur as independent phonemes only in words of foreign origin. The sounds are approximated using the "native" spellings {{angbr|sj}} and {{angbr|tsj}} respectively.</ref>
|-
| '''sz'''
| — || {{IPA|/s/}}<ref name="sz">Used in some proper names such as ''[[Lambert Jacobsz|Jacobsz]]'', as a contraction of ''-s zoon'' (...'s son).</ref>
|-
| '''ti(e)'''
| {{IPA|/(t)si/}}<ref name="ti">{{angbr|ti}} followed by a vowel is pronounced {{IPA|/(t)si/}} in loanwords of Latin origin.</ref> || &mdash;
|-
| '''th'''
| {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/d/}}<ref name="th"/> || {{IPA|/t/}}<ref name="th">{{angbr|th}} is {{IPA|/t/}} in words of Greek origin. In English loanwords, it is most often approximated with {{IPA|/t/}} or {{IPA|/d/}} according to the English pronunciation, or speakers may attempt to pronounce dental fricatives, as in English.</ref>
|-
| '''tsj'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/tʃ/}}<ref name="(t)sj"/>
|-
| '''x'''
| {{IPA|/ks/}}, {{IPA|/ɡz/}}<ref name="x">{{angbr|x}} is sometimes pronounced {{IPA|/ɡz/}} between vowels, usually in southern dialects.</ref> || {{IPA|/ks/}}
|-
| '''y'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/j/}}
|-
| '''z'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ts/}}, {{IPA|/dz/}}<ref>{{angbr|z}} is {{IPA|/ts/}} in words of German or Italian origin. In Italian words, it may also be {{IPA|/dz/}} between vowels.</ref>
|-
|}
| style="vertical-align: top" |
{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[Vowel]]s&nbsp;and&nbsp;[[diphthong]]s
! rowspan="2" | spelling || colspan="2" | [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
|-
! checked || free
|-
| '''aaij''', '''aay''', '''aij''', '''ay'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/aːi̯/}}<ref name="ij-y">In diphthongs, {{angbr|ij}} and {{angbr|y}} are obsolete spellings for {{angbr|i}}. They are found mostly in names.</ref>
|-
| '''ae'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/aː/}}, {{IPA|/eː/}}<ref name="ae">{{angbr|ae}} is an obsolete spelling for {{angbr|aa}}. In Latin words, it is treated identical to {{angbr|ee}}.</ref>
|-
| '''aei''', '''aeij''', '''aey'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/aːi̯/}}<ref name="ij-y"/><ref name="ae"/>
|-
| '''ai'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ɛː/}}
|-
| '''au(x)''', '''eau(x)'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/oː/}}<ref name="au">In words of French origin.</ref>
|-
| '''è''', '''ê'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ɛ/}}, {{IPA|/ɛː/}}
|-
| '''é'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/eː/}}, {{IPA|/ei̯/}}
|-
| '''eij''', '''ey'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ɛi̯/}}<ref name="ij-y"/>
|-
| '''eu'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/œː/}}, {{IPA|/œy̯/}}<ref name="eu"> {{angbr|eu}} is pronounced as {{IPA|/œy̯/}} by some speakers in words of Greek origin.</ref>
|-
| '''o''', '''ô'''
| {{IPA|/ɔː/}} || &mdash;
|-
| '''oeij''', '''oey'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ui̯/}}<ref name="ij-y"/>
|-
| '''oi'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ʋɑ/}}, {{IPA|/ʋaː/}}, {{IPA|/oː/}}<ref name="oi">{{angbr|oi}} is pronounced {{IPA|/ʋɑ/}} or {{IPA|/ʋaː/}} in French loanwords. In archaic Dutch spellings, mostly proper nouns, it may also be {{IPA|/oː/}} (for example, [[Oisterwijk]] or [[Helvoirt]]).</ref>
|-
| '''oo'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/u(ː)/}}<ref>{{angbr|oo}} is generally {{IPA|/u(ː)/}} in English loanwords.</ref>
|-
| '''ooij''', '''ooy''', '''oij''', '''oy'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/oːi̯/}}<ref name="ij-y"/>
|-
| '''ou'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/u(ː)/}}<ref>{{angbr|ou}} is generally {{IPA|/u(ː)/}} in loanwords from French or Greek.</ref>
|-
| '''u'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/u(ː)/}}
|-
| '''ui'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ʋi(ː)/}}, {{IPA|/uː/}}<ref>{{angbr|ui}} is pronounced {{IPA|/ʋi(ː)/}} in loanwords from French. In English loanwords, such as ''cruise'', it is {{IPA|/uː/}}.</ref>
|-
| '''uij''', '''uy'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/œy̯/}}<ref name="ij-y"/>
|-
| '''y'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/i/}}, {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, {{IPA|/ɛi̯/}}<ref name="y">{{angbr|y}} is usually pronounced as {{angbr|i}} or {{angbr|ie}}. It is also an obsolete spelling variant of {{angbr|ij}}.</ref>
|}
|}
-->
=====Alphabet=====
{|style="text-align:center"
|
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Letter !! Name !! IPA
|-
| '''A a''' || a || [aː]
|-
| '''B b''' || be || [beː]
|-
| '''C c''' || ce || [seː]
|-
| '''D d''' || de || [deː]
|-
| '''E e''' || e || [eː]
|-
| '''F f''' || ef || [ɛf]
|-
| '''G g''' || ge || [ɡeː]
|-
| '''H h''' || ha || [ɦaː]
|-
| '''I i''' || i || [iː]
|}
|
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Letter !! Name !! IPA
|-
| '''J j''' || je || [jeː]
|-
| '''K k''' || ka || [kʰaː]
|-
| '''L l''' || el || [ɛɫ]
|-
| '''M m''' || em || [ɛm]
|-
| '''N n''' || en || [ɛn]
|-
| '''O o''' || o || [oː]
|-
| '''P p''' || pe || [pʰeː]
|-
| '''Q q''' || ku || [kʰyː]
|-
| '''R r''' || er || [ɛɾ]
|-
|}
|
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Letter !! Name !! IPA
|-
| '''S s''' || es || [ɛs]
|-
| '''T t''' || te || [tʰeː]
|-
| '''U u''' || u || [yː]
|-
| '''V v''' || ve || [feː]
|-
| '''W w''' || we || [veː]
|-
| '''X x''' || iks || [ɪks]
|-
| '''Y y''' || Griekeise i || [gɾiːˈkʰɛɪsə iː]
|-
| ('''IJ ij''') || longe i || [ˈlɔŋə iː]
|-
| '''Z z''' || zet || [zɛtʰ]
|}
|}
====Consonants====
====Consonants====
<!--
<!--
Line 193: Line 640:
² After /w/.
² After /w/.
-->
-->
===Historical phonology===
===Historical phonology===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
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