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(68 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
Line 164: | Line 164: | ||
| {{IPA|/v/}} || {{IPA|/f/}} || | | {{IPA|/v/}} || {{IPA|/f/}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- | |||
| '''wh''' | | '''wh''' | ||
| colspan="2"| {{IPA|/f/}} || | | colspan="2"| {{IPA|/f/}} || | ||
Line 236: | Line 237: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''ie''' | | '''ie''' | ||
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/iə̯/}} | | colspan="2"| {{IPA|/iə̯, i̯ɪ/}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''ij''' | | '''ij''' | ||
Line 281: | Line 282: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''ue''' | | '''ue''' | ||
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/uə̯/}} | | colspan="2"| {{IPA|/uə̯, u̯ʊ/}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''ui''' | | '''ui''' | ||
Line 293: | Line 294: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''üe''' | | '''üe''' | ||
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/yə̯/}} | | colspan="2"| {{IPA|/yə̯, y̆ʏ/}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''üü''' | | '''üü''' | ||
Line 518: | Line 519: | ||
| '''Y y''' || ɡreike ij || [ˈɡɾiːkə ʔɪi̯] | | '''Y y''' || ɡreike ij || [ˈɡɾiːkə ʔɪi̯] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ('''IJ ij''') || | | ('''IJ ij''') || loange ij || [ˈlo̯aŋə ʔɪi̯] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Z z''' || zet || [zɛtʰ] | | '''Z z''' || zet || [zɛtʰ] | ||
Line 813: | Line 814: | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
|+ Personal pronouns | |+ Personal pronouns | ||
! || Nominative !! Accusative !! Dative !! Possessive | ! || Nominative !! Accusative !! Dative !! Possessive !! Reflexive | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 1S | ! 1S | ||
| ic || mec || mei || mijn | | ic || mec || mei || mijn || meizealf | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2SI | ! 2SI | ||
| duu || dec || dei || dijn | | duu || dec || dei || dijn || deizealf | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3SM | ! 3SM | ||
| hei || heen || him || his | | hei || heen || him || his || himzealf | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3SF | ! 3SF | ||
| höü || höü || heer || heer | | höü || höü || heer || heer || heerzealf | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3SN | ! 3SN | ||
| hit || hit || him || his | | hit || hit || him || his || himzealf | ||
|- | |||
! 1D | |||
| wit || oonk || oonk || oonker || oonkzealf | |||
|- | |||
! 2D | |||
| jit || jeenk || jeenk || jeenker || jeenkzealf | |||
|- | |||
! 3D | |||
| bein || bein || biem || bier || biemzealf | |||
|- | |- | ||
! 1P | ! 1P | ||
| wei || uus || uus || uur | | wei || uus || uus || uur || uuszealf | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2P/F | ! 2P/F | ||
| jei || jöü || jöü || jöür | | jei || jöü || jöü || jöür || jöüzealf | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3P | ! 3P | ||
| hij || hij || | | hij || hij || höm || höar || hömzealf | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 873: | Line 883: | ||
| nane || nane || nanem || naner | | nane || nane || nanem || naner | ||
|} | |} | ||
<!-- | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Definite article | |||
! || Nominative !! Accusative !! Dative !! Genitive | |||
|- | |||
! SM | |||
| de || dän || dem || däs | |||
|- | |||
! SF | |||
| dö || dö || der || der | |||
|- | |||
! SN | |||
| dät || dät || dem || däs | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| do || do || dom || dor | |||
|- | |||
|}--> | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
|+ | |+ Definitie article and neutral demonstrative | ||
! || Nominative !! Accusative !! Dative !! Genitive | ! || Nominative !! Accusative !! Dative !! Genitive | ||
|- | |- | ||
! SM | ! SM | ||
| dei || | | dei || dään || diem || däs | ||
|- | |- | ||
! SF | ! SF | ||
Line 885: | Line 913: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! SN | ! SN | ||
| dät || dät || | | dät || dät || diem || däs | ||
|- | |- | ||
! P | ! P | ||
Line 945: | Line 973: | ||
===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives=== | ||
(Note: -e- in endings is dropped after vowels) | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
|+ Strong adjective declension | |+ Strong adjective declension | ||
Line 983: | Line 1,012: | ||
===Numerals=== | ===Numerals=== | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
! Number !! Cardinal !! Ordinal | ! Number !! Cardinal !! Ordinal (all wk.) | ||
|- | |- | ||
!0 | !0 | ||
| nuecht || nuechtede | | nuecht (str. noun n. sg.) || nuechtede | ||
|- | |- | ||
!1 | !1 | ||
| uen || ierste | | uen (str. adj. sg.) || ierste | ||
|- | |- | ||
!2 | !2 | ||
| twue || twuede | | twue (str. adj. pl.) || twuede | ||
|- | |- | ||
!3 | !3 | ||
| dröü || dridde | | dröü (str. adj. pl.) || dridde | ||
|- | |- | ||
!4 | !4 | ||
Line 1,007: | Line 1,036: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!7 | !7 | ||
| zöaven || | | zöaven || zöavde | ||
|- | |- | ||
!8 | !8 | ||
Line 1,019: | Line 1,048: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!11 | !11 | ||
| ellöaven || | | ellöaven || ellöavde | ||
|- | |- | ||
!12 | !12 | ||
Line 1,046: | Line 1,075: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!20 | !20 | ||
| tweintij || | | tweintij || tweintijde | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 30 | ! 30 | ||
| drijtij || | | drijtij || drijtijde | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 40 | ! 40 | ||
| vöürtij || | | vöürtij || vöürtijde | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 50 | ! 50 | ||
| vijftij || | | vijftij || vijftijde | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 60 | ! 60 | ||
| zechstij || | | zechstij || zechstijde | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 70 | ! 70 | ||
| zöaventij || | | zöaventij || zöaventijde | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 80 | ! 80 | ||
| ächtij || | | ächtij || ächtijde | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 90 | ! 90 | ||
| nijntij || | | nijntij || nijntijde | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 100 | ! 100 | ||
| hundred || | | hundred (str. noun n.) || hundredde | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 1000 | ! 1000 | ||
| duuzend || | | duuzend (str. noun n.) || duuzende | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 1,080: | Line 1,109: | ||
<!-- | <!-- | ||
The citation form of verbs is generally ''infinitive, present, past''. | The citation form of verbs is generally ''infinitive, present, past''. | ||
Doidhesh verbs do not conjugate for person or number. | Doidhesh verbs do not conjugate for person or number. | ||
Verbs are conjugated for three aspects, three tenses, and three voices. | Verbs are conjugated for three aspects, three tenses, and three voices. | ||
Tenses are marked by the verb form: | Tenses are marked by the verb form: | ||
*Present: Uses present form. | *Present: Uses present form. | ||
Line 1,090: | Line 1,116: | ||
*Future: Uses future form. | *Future: Uses future form. | ||
**This is formed by replacing the final ''-n'' of the infinitive with ''-d''. | **This is formed by replacing the final ''-n'' of the infinitive with ''-d''. | ||
Aspects are marked with particles preceding the verb: | Aspects are marked with particles preceding the verb: | ||
*Imperfective: No marker | *Imperfective: No marker | ||
*Perfective: ''poi/pœ'' | *Perfective: ''poi/pœ'' | ||
*Habitual: ''bed'' | *Habitual: ''bed'' | ||
Voices are marked with particles preceding the aspect marker: | Voices are marked with particles preceding the aspect marker: | ||
*Active: No marker | *Active: No marker | ||
*Middle: ''toun/tón'' | *Middle: ''toun/tón'' | ||
*Passive: ''maudh/máþ'' | *Passive: ''maudh/máþ'' | ||
Note that subject pronouns are obligatory, and they come before the voice marker. | Note that subject pronouns are obligatory, and they come before the voice marker. | ||
In summary, a verb is formed as follows: ''subject pronoun + voice marker + aspect marker + tense-specific form of verb'' | In summary, a verb is formed as follows: ''subject pronoun + voice marker + aspect marker + tense-specific form of verb'' | ||
--> | --> | ||
====Examples of strong verbs==== | |||
=====Class 1===== | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Conjugation of ''bijten'' "to bite" (strong class 1) | |||
! colspan="3"| Infinitive | |||
| colspan="3"| bijten | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Present participle | |||
| colspan="3"| bijtend | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Past participle | |||
| colspan="3"| ibeten | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| bijte || rowspan="3"| bijte || buet || rowspan="3"| bete || | |||
|- | |||
! 2SI | |||
| bijtst || buetst || bijt | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| bijtet || buet || | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| bijtet || bijten || beten || beten || bijtet | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
=====Class 2===== | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Conjugation of ''kröüpen'' "to crawl" (strong class 2) | |||
! colspan="3"| Infinitive | |||
| colspan="3"| kröüpen | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Present participle | |||
| colspan="3"| kröüpend | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Past participle | |||
| colspan="3"| ikroapen | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| kröüpe || rowspan="3"| kröüpe || krüep || rowspan="3"| krope || | |||
|- | |||
! 2SI | |||
| krijpst || krüepst || kröüp | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| krijpt || krüep || | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| kröüpt || kröüpen || kropen || kropen || kröüpt | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Conjugation of ''bruuken'' "to use" (strong class 2) | |||
! colspan="3"| Infinitive | |||
| colspan="3"| bruuken | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Present participle | |||
| colspan="3"| bruukend | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Past participle | |||
| colspan="3"| ibroaken | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| bruuke || rowspan="3"| bruuke || brüek || rowspan="3"| broke || | |||
|- | |||
! 2SI | |||
| brüükst || brüekst || bruuk | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| brüükt || brüek || | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| bruukt || bruuken || broken || broken || bruukt | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Conjugation of ''cöüzen'' "to choose" (strong class 2) | |||
! colspan="3"| Infinitive | |||
| colspan="3"| cöüzen | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Present participle | |||
| colspan="3"| cöüzend | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Past participle | |||
| colspan="3"| icoaren | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| cöüze || rowspan="3"| cöüze || cües || rowspan="3"| coze || | |||
|- | |||
! 2SI | |||
| cijst || cüest || cöüs | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| cijst || cües || | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| cöüst || cöüzen || coren || coren || cöüst | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
=====Class 3===== | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Conjugation of ''zeengen'' "to sing" (strong class 3) | |||
! colspan="3"| Infinitive | |||
| colspan="3"| zeengen | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Present participle | |||
| colspan="3"| zeengend | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Past participle | |||
| colspan="3"| izoongen | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| zeenge || rowspan="3"| zeenge || zaang || rowspan="3"| zoonge || | |||
|- | |||
! 2SI | |||
| zeengst || zaangst || zeeng | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| zeengt || zaang || | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| zeengt || zeengen || zoongen || zoongen || zeengt | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Conjugation of ''healpen'' "to help" (strong class 3) | |||
! colspan="3"| Infinitive | |||
| colspan="3"| healpen | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Present participle | |||
| colspan="3"| healpend | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Past participle | |||
| colspan="3"| ihoalpen | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| healpe || rowspan="3"| healpe || häälp || rowspan="3"| hoolpe || | |||
|- | |||
! 2SI | |||
| hilpst || häälpst || healp | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| hilpt || häälp || | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| healpt || healpen || hoolpen || hoolpen || healpt | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Conjugation of ''wöarpen'' "to throw" (strong class 3) | |||
! colspan="3"| Infinitive | |||
| colspan="3"| wöarpen | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Present participle | |||
| colspan="3"| wöarpend | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Past participle | |||
| colspan="3"| iwoarpen | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| wöarpe || rowspan="3"| wöarpe || wäärp || rowspan="3"| wrope || | |||
|- | |||
! 2SI | |||
| wirpst || wäärpst || wöarp | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| wirpt || wäärp || | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| wöarpt || wöarpen || woorpen || woorpen || wöarpt | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Conjugation of ''föchten'' "to fight" (strong class 3) | |||
! colspan="3"| Infinitive | |||
| colspan="3"| föchten | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Present participle | |||
| colspan="3"| föchtend | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Past participle | |||
| colspan="3"| ifochten | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| föchte || rowspan="3"| föchte || fächt || rowspan="3"| fächte || | |||
|- | |||
! 2SI | |||
| fechtest || fächtest || föcht | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| fechtet || fächt || | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| föchtet || föchten || fochten || fochten || föchtet | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
=====Class 4===== | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Conjugation of ''zeengen'' "to sing" (strong class 3) | |||
! colspan="3"| Infinitive | |||
| colspan="3"| zeengen | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Present participle | |||
| colspan="3"| zeengend | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Past participle | |||
| colspan="3"| izoongen | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| zeenge || rowspan="3"| zeenge || zaang || rowspan="3"| zoonge || | |||
|- | |||
! 2SI | |||
| zeengst || zaangst || zeeng | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| zeengt || zaang || | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| zeengt || zeengen || zoongen || zoongen || zeengt | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
=====Class 5===== | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Conjugation of ''zeengen'' "to sing" (strong class 3) | |||
! colspan="3"| Infinitive | |||
| colspan="3"| zeengen | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Present participle | |||
| colspan="3"| zeengend | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Past participle | |||
| colspan="3"| izoongen | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| zeenge || rowspan="3"| zeenge || zaang || rowspan="3"| zoonge || | |||
|- | |||
! 2SI | |||
| zeengst || zaangst || zeeng | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| zeengt || zaang || | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| zeengt || zeengen || zoongen || zoongen || zeengt | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
======Class 6===== | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Conjugation of ''zeengen'' "to sing" (strong class 3) | |||
! colspan="3"| Infinitive | |||
| colspan="3"| zeengen | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Present participle | |||
| colspan="3"| zeengend | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Past participle | |||
| colspan="3"| izoongen | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| zeenge || rowspan="3"| zeenge || zaang || rowspan="3"| zoonge || | |||
|- | |||
! 2SI | |||
| zeengst || zaangst || zeeng | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| zeengt || zaang || | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| zeengt || zeengen || zoongen || zoongen || zeengt | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
=====Class 7===== | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Conjugation of ''zeengen'' "to sing" (strong class 3) | |||
! colspan="3"| Infinitive | |||
| colspan="3"| zeengen | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Present participle | |||
| colspan="3"| zeengend | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Past participle | |||
| colspan="3"| izoongen | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| zeenge || rowspan="3"| zeenge || zaang || rowspan="3"| zoonge || | |||
|- | |||
! 2SI | |||
| zeengst || zaangst || zeeng | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| zeengt || zaang || | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| zeengt || zeengen || zoongen || zoongen || zeengt | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
=====Irregular===== | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Conjugation of ''wezen'' "to be" (strong irregular) | |||
! colspan="3"| Infinitive | |||
| colspan="3"| wezen | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Present participle | |||
| colspan="3"| wezend | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Past participle | |||
| colspan="3"| iböün | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| öm || rowspan="3"| böü || wäs || rowspan="3"| wiere || | |||
|- | |||
! 2SI | |||
| ärt || wäst || böü | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| is || wäs || | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| zind || böün || wieren || wieren || böüt | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Conjugation of ''doun'' "to do, make; to cause to" (strong irregular with weak past) | |||
! colspan="3"| Infinitive | |||
| colspan="3"| doun | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Present participle | |||
| colspan="3"| dound | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Past participle | |||
| colspan="3"| idoun | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| dou || rowspan="3"| dou || döde || rowspan="3"| döde || | |||
|- | |||
! 2SI | |||
| deist || dödest || dou | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| deit || döde || | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| dout || doun || döden || döden || dout | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Conjugation of ''guen'' "to go" (strong irregular with weak past) | |||
! colspan="3"| Infinitive | |||
| colspan="3"| guen | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Present participle | |||
| colspan="3"| guend | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Past participle | |||
| colspan="3"| iguen | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| gue || rowspan="3"| gue || öüde || rowspan="3"| öüde || | |||
|- | |||
! 2SI | |||
| giest || öüdest || gue | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| giet || öüde || | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| guet || guen || öüden || öüden || guet | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
====Examples of weak verbs==== | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Conjugation of ''loven'' "to love" (weak regular) | |||
! colspan="3"| Infinitive | |||
| colspan="3"| loven | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Present participle | |||
| colspan="3"| lovend | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Past participle | |||
| colspan="3"| iloovd | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| love || rowspan="3"| love || loovde || rowspan="3"| loovde || | |||
|- | |||
! 2SI | |||
| loofst || loovdest || loof | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| looft || loovde || | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| looft || loven || loovden || loovden || looft | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Conjugation of ''häbben'' "to have" (weak irregular) | |||
! colspan="3"| Infinitive | |||
| colspan="3"| häbben | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Present participle | |||
| colspan="3"| häbbend | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Past participle | |||
| colspan="3"| ihäd | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| häbbe || rowspan="3"| häbbe || hädde || rowspan="3"| hädde || | |||
|- | |||
! 2SI | |||
| häst || häddest || hääf | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| hät || hädde || | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| häbt || häbben || hädden || hädden || häbt | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Conjugation of ''zecgen'' "to say" (weak irregular) | |||
! colspan="3"| Infinitive | |||
| colspan="3"| zecgen | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Present participle | |||
| colspan="3"| zecgend | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Past participle | |||
| colspan="3"| izaaid | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| zecge || rowspan="3"| zecge || zaaide || rowspan="3"| zaaide || | |||
|- | |||
! 2SI | |||
| zaaist || zaaidest || zaai | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| zaait || zaaide || | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| zecget || zecgen || zaaiden || zaaiden || zecget | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Conjugation of ''libben'' "to live" (weak irregular) | |||
! colspan="3"| Infinitive | |||
| colspan="3"| libben | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Present participle | |||
| colspan="3"| libbend | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Past participle | |||
| colspan="3"| ilivd | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| libbe || rowspan="3"| libbe || livde || rowspan="3"| livde || | |||
|- | |||
! 2SI | |||
| lööfst || livdest || lööf | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| lööft || livde || | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| libt || libben || livden || livden || libt | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
====Examples of preterite-present verbs==== | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Conjugation of ''kunnen'' "to be familiar with; to be able to (do)" | |||
! colspan="3"| Infinitive | |||
| colspan="3"| kunnen | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Present participle | |||
| colspan="3"| kunnend | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Past participle | |||
| colspan="3"| ikuud | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| kan || rowspan="3"| kunne || kuude || rowspan="3"| kuude || | |||
|- | |||
! 2SI | |||
| kanst || kuudest || kun | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| kan || kuude || | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| kunnen || kunnen || kuuden || kuuden || kunt | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
Conjugated like ''kunnen'' is ''junnen'' "to grant, gift". | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Conjugation of ''willen'' "to want; to be going to" | |||
! colspan="3"| Infinitive | |||
| colspan="3"| willen | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Present participle | |||
| colspan="3"| willend | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Past participle | |||
| colspan="3"| iwoald | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| wil || rowspan="3"| wille || woalde || rowspan="3"| woalde || | |||
|- | |||
! 2SI | |||
| wilst || woaldest || wil | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| wil || woalde || | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| willen || willen || woalden || woalden || wilt | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Conjugation of ''scolen'' "to must" | |||
! colspan="3"| Infinitive | |||
| colspan="3"| scolen | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Present participle | |||
| colspan="3"| scolend | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Past participle | |||
| colspan="3"| iscoald | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| scäl || rowspan="3"| scöle || scoalde || rowspan="3"| scoalde || | |||
|- | |||
! 2SI | |||
| scälst || scoaldest || scool | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| scäl || scoalde || | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| scolen || scölen || scoalden || scoalden || scoolt | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Conjugation of ''uegen'' "to be allowed (to)" | |||
! colspan="3"| Infinitive | |||
| colspan="3"| uegen | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Present participle | |||
| colspan="3"| uegend | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Past participle | |||
| colspan="3"| juecht | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| ueg || rowspan="3"| uege || uechte || rowspan="3"| uechte || | |||
|- | |||
! 2SI | |||
| uegst || uechtest || ueg | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| ueg || uechte || | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| uegen || uegen || uechten || uechten || uegt | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Conjugation of ''weten'' "to know, to be aware (of)" | |||
! colspan="3"| Infinitive | |||
| colspan="3"| weten | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Present participle | |||
| colspan="3"| wetend | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Past participle | |||
| colspan="3"| iwist | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| wuet || rowspan="3"| wete || wiste || rowspan="3"| wiste || | |||
|- | |||
! 2SI | |||
| wuetst || wetest || weet | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| wuet || wiste || | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| weten || weten || wisten || wisten || wet | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Conjugation of ''inogen'' "to be content, to have enough; to enjoy" | |||
! colspan="3"| Infinitive | |||
| colspan="3"| inogen | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Present participle | |||
| colspan="3"| inogend | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Past participle | |||
| colspan="3"| inocht | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| inäg || rowspan="3"| inöge || inochte || rowspan="3"| inochte || | |||
|- | |||
! 2SI | |||
| inägst || inochtest || inoog | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| inäg || inochte || | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| inogen || inögen || inochten || inochten || inoogt | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Conjugation of ''maain'' "to succeed (in)" | |||
! colspan="3"| Infinitive | |||
| colspan="3"| maain | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Present participle | |||
| colspan="3"| maaind | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Past participle | |||
| colspan="3"| imecht | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| maai || rowspan="3"| maai || mechte || rowspan="3"| mechte || | |||
|- | |||
! 2SI | |||
| maaist || mechtest || maai | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| maai || mechte || | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| maain || maain || mechten || mechten || maait | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Conjugation of ''dogen'' "to be suitable (for), to be able (to)" | |||
! colspan="3"| Infinitive | |||
| colspan="3"| dogen | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Present participle | |||
| colspan="3"| dogend | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Past participle | |||
| colspan="3"| idocht | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| düeg || rowspan="3"| döge || dochte || rowspan="3"| dochte || | |||
|- | |||
! 2SI | |||
| düegst || dochtest || doog | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| düeg || dochte || | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| dogen || dögen || dochten || dochten || doogt | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Conjugation of ''mouten'' "to possibly (do), to might" | |||
! colspan="3"| Infinitive | |||
| colspan="3"| mouten | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Present participle | |||
| colspan="3"| moutend | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Past participle | |||
| colspan="3"| imoust | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| mout || rowspan="3"| moute || mouste || rowspan="3"| mouste || | |||
|- | |||
! 2SI | |||
| moutst || moustest || mout | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| mout || mouste || | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| mouten || mouten || mousten || mousten || moutet | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
==Vocabulary== | ==Vocabulary== | ||
Line 1,112: | Line 1,952: | ||
! English !! Voltch | ! English !! Voltch | ||
|- | |- | ||
| spring || | | spring || lengten | ||
|- | |- | ||
| summer || zomer | | summer || zomer | ||
Line 1,208: | Line 2,048: | ||
| day || daai | | day || daai | ||
|- | |- | ||
| dawn || | | dawn || daging | ||
|- | |- | ||
| morning || moargen | | morning || moargen | ||
Line 1,218: | Line 2,058: | ||
| evening || ieven | | evening || ieven | ||
|- | |- | ||
| dusk || | | dusk || nechting | ||
|- | |- | ||
| night || necht | | night || necht | ||
Line 1,261: | Line 2,101: | ||
| soon, shortly || zoun | | soon, shortly || zoun | ||
|- | |- | ||
| later || zijd | | later || zijd; läter | ||
|- | |- | ||
| always || zemblen | | always || zemblen | ||
Line 1,267: | Line 2,107: | ||
| often || often | | often || often | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sometimes || | | sometimes || wijlen | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rarely || zealden | | rarely || zealden | ||
Line 1,283: | Line 2,123: | ||
| tonight || tounecht | | tonight || tounecht | ||
|- | |- | ||
| yesterday || | | yesterday || jirstendaai | ||
|- | |- | ||
| last night || | | last night || jirstennecht | ||
|- | |- | ||
| tomorrow || toumoargen | | tomorrow || toumoargen | ||
|- | |- | ||
| before yesterday || | | before yesterday || ierjirstendaai | ||
|- | |- | ||
| two nights ago || | | two nights ago || ierjirstennecht | ||
|- | |- | ||
| after tomorrow || oavermoargen | | after tomorrow || oavermoargen | ||
|- | |- | ||
| this week || | | this week || disse weke | ||
|- | |- | ||
| last week || | | last week || lätste weke | ||
|- | |- | ||
| next week || | | next week || nichste weke | ||
|- | |- | ||
--> | --> | ||
Line 1,309: | Line 2,149: | ||
! English !! Voltch | ! English !! Voltch | ||
|- | |- | ||
| white || | | white || wijt | ||
|- | |- | ||
| grey || grij | | grey || grij | ||
Line 1,337: | Line 2,177: | ||
==Example texts== | ==Example texts== | ||
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)=== | ===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)=== | ||
Älle men | Älle men wöardet vröü and ilijc on uere and rechtem iboaren. Glöüscip and touknounes zind him jifted<!-->Höm wöardet glöüscippes and touknounesse ijuud-->, and hij scolen... | ||
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