Valtamic: Difference between revisions

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Valtamic (view source)

Revision as of 15:00, 17 August 2024

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|ancestor3        = Proto-Valtamic
|ancestor3        = Proto-Valtamic
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'''Valtamic''' (endonym: '''''äljämhor ljicür''''' [ˈæˑʎɛm̥ˌχɔ̞ɾ̥ ˈʎiˑ(t)s̪ʏɾ̥]), also known as '''Livonian''', is an [[w:Italic languages|Italic language]] belonging to the [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European language family]]. It is spoken mostly in the Republic of Valtamia, wherein it is recognized as the official language, located within the [[w:Baltic region|Baltic]]. It is also the only continuously surviving member of the Italic language family, as well as being one of the two only non-extinct Italic languages, along with [[w:Latin|Latin]].
'''Valtamic''' (endonym: '''''äljämhor lïcür''''' [ˈæˑʎɛm̥ˌχɔ̞ɾ̥ ˈʎiˑ(t)s̪ʏɾ̥]), also known as '''Livonian''', is an [[w:Italic languages|Italic language]] belonging to the [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European language family]]. It is spoken mostly in the Republic of Valtamia, wherein it is recognized as the official language, located within the [[w:Baltic region|Baltic]]. It is also the only continuously surviving member of the Italic language family, as well as being one of the two only non-extinct Italic languages, along with [[w:Latin|Latin]].


==Classification==
==Classification==
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===Latin alphabet===
===Latin alphabet===
Modern Valtamic employs the Latin alphabet, with the added vowel letters ''[[w:Ä|ä]]'', ''[[w:Ë|ë]]'', ''[[w:Ï|ï]]'', ''[[w:Ö|ö]]'', and ''[[w:Ü|ü]]'' and the extra consonant letters ''[[w:Ċ|ċ]]'', ''[[w:Ġ|ġ]]'', ''[[w:Ľ|ľ]]'', ''[[w:Ṅ|ṅ]]'', ''[[w:Ṡ|ṡ]]'', and ''[[w:Ż|ż]]''. Prior to the post-Soviet spelling reform, various polish-adjacent digraphs, such as ''cz'', ''ch'', ''sz'', etc. were used instead. The current orthography employs only three native digraphs, those being ''ou'', ''lj'', and ''nj''.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''Vowels'''
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! rowspan="2" | Grapheme
! colspan="2" | Sound (IPA)
! rowspan="2" | Pre-Soviet spellings
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! <small>Stressed</small>
! <small>Unstressed</small>
|-
| a
| [ɑ̝(ˑ)]
| [ʌ]
|
|-
| ä
| [æ(ˑ)]
| rowspan="2" | [ɛ]
| a, æ, e, ě
|-
| e
| [e̞(ˑ)]
|
|-
| ë
| [ɤ̞(ˑ)]
| [ɜ]
| ö, ø, œ
|-
| i
| [i(ˑ)]
| [ɪ]
|
|-
| ï
| [ji(ˑ)]
| [jɪ]
| ji
|-
| o
| [o̞(ˑ)]
| [ɔ] ''or'' [ɔ̞] <sup>[a]</sup>
|
|-
| ö
| [y(ˑ)] ~ [e̞(ˑ)] ~ [ɤ̞(ˑ)] <sup>[b]</sup>
| [ʏ] ~ [ɛ] ~ [ɜ] <sup>[b]</sup>
|
|-
| ou
| [u(ˑ)]
| [ʊ]
| u
|-
| u
| [ɯ(ˑ)]
| [ω]
|
|-
| ü
| [y(ˑ)]
| [ʏ]
| ᵫ, y, u
|-
| y
| [ɨ(ˑ)]
| [ᵻ]
| i, u
|}
<sup>[a]</sup> depending on vowel harmony
<sup>[b]</sup> non-native and restricted to loanwords
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''Consonants'''
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! Grapheme
! Sound (IPA)
! Pre-Soviet spellings
! Grapheme
! Sound (IPA)
! Pre-Soviet spellings
|-
| b
| [b]
|
| m
| [m]
|
|-
| c
| [t̪͡s̪]
| ts, tz
| n
| [n]
|
|-
| ċ
| [t͡ʂ] ~ [t͡ɕ]
| cz, tsj, tzj
| nj <sup>[d]</sup>
| rowspan="2" | [ɲ]
|
|-
| d
| [d]
|
| ṅ <sup>[d]</sup>
|
|-
| dz <sup>[c]</sup>
| [d͡z]
|
| p
| [p]
|
|-
| dż <sup>[c]</sup>
| [d͡ʐ] ~ [d͡ʑ]
| dzs, dj
| q <sup>[c]</sup>
| [k]
|
|-
| f
| [ʋ̊]
|
| r
| [ɾ]
|
|-
| g
| [ɡ]
|
| s
| [s̺]
|
|-
| ġ
| [ɦ]
| h, gh, vh
| ṡ
| [ʂ]
| sz, sj
|-
| h
| [x]
| ch
| t
| [t̪]
|
|-
| j
| [j]
|
| v
| [ʋ]
| w
|-
| k
| [k]
|
| w
| [w]
| u
|-
| l
| [l̪]
|
| x <sup>[c]</sup>
| [ks̺]
|
|-
| lj <sup>[d]</sup>
| rowspan="2" | [ʎ]
|
| z
| [ɕ] ''or'' [z] <sup>[e]</sup>
|
|-
| ľ <sup>[d]</sup>
|
| ż
| [ʐ] ~ [ʑ]
| zs, zj
|}


===Cyrillic orthographies===
===Cyrillic orthographies===
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