413
edits
Line 1,057: | Line 1,057: | ||
--> | --> | ||
===Orthography=== | ===Orthography=== | ||
{| class=wikitable | |||
! rowspan=2|Trad. PIE !! rowspan=2|[[Laryngeal theory|Laryng. PIE]] !! rowspan=2|[[Sanskrit|Skr.]] !! rowspan=2|[[Avestan|Av.]] !! rowspan=2|[[Old Church Slavonic|O.C.S.]] !! rowspan=2|[[Lithuanian language|Lith.]] !! rowspan=2|[[Armenian language|Arm.]] !! rowspan=2|[[Albanian language|Alb.]] !! rowspan=2|[[Tocharian languages|Toch.]] !! rowspan=2|[[Hittite language|Hitt.]] !! rowspan=2|[[Greek language|Greek]] !! rowspan=2|[[Latin]]<ref group=V name=initial>In initial syllables only.</ref> !! rowspan=2|[[Proto-Celtic]] !! rowspan=2|[[Gothic language|Gothic]]<ref group=V name=nonfinal>In non-final syllables only.</ref> !! colspan=2|[[Old English]]<ref group=V name=initial/> | |||
|- align=center | |||
! normal !! [[Germanic umlaut|umlauted]]<ref group=V name=iumlaut>Before ''i'', ''ī'', or /j/ in the next syllable in [[Proto-Germanic]] ([[Germanic umlaut|''i''-umlaut]]).</ref> | |||
|- align=center | |||
!{{PIE|*e}} | |||
!{{PIE|*e}}, {{PIE|*h₁e}} | |||
|rowspan="3" colspan="2"|{{PIE|a}} | |||
|colspan="3"|{{PIE|e}} | |||
|{{PIE|je, ie, e, i}}; {{PIE|ja}}<ref group=V name=closed>In a closed syllable.</ref> | |||
|{{PIE|ä}} | |||
|e, ʔe, i | |||
|colspan="3"|{{PIE|e}} | |||
|{{PIE|i}}; {{PIE|aí}} {{IPA|[ɛ]}}<ref group=V name=Vrh>Before ''r, h''. Gothic, but not other Germanic languages, merges /e/ and /i/.</ref> | |||
|{{PIE|e; eo}}<ref group=V name=OE>Before ''h, w'', or before ''r, l'' plus a consonant ([[Old English phonology#Breaking and retraction|"breaking"]]).</ref> || {{PIE|i; ie}}<ref group=V name=OE/> | |||
|- align=center | |||
!{{PIE|*a}} | |||
!({{PIE|*a}}<ref group=V name=a?>The existence of PIE non-allophonic ''a'' is disputed.</ref>), {{PIE|*h₂e}} | |||
|rowspan=3|{{PIE|o}} | |||
|rowspan=3|{{PIE|a}} | |||
|{{PIE|a}} | |||
|{{PIE|ha, a}} | |||
|{{PIE|ā}} | |||
|{{PIE|ha, a}} | |||
|colspan="3"|{{PIE|a}} | |||
|rowspan=3|{{PIE|a}} | |||
|rowspan=6|{{PIE|æ}}; {{PIE|a}};<ref group=V name=bright>Before a back vowel in the next syllable ([[Anglo-Frisian brightening#A restoration|''a'' restoration]]).</ref> {{PIE|ea}}<ref group=V name=OE/> | |||
|rowspan=6|{{PIE|e; ie}}<ref group=V name=OE/> | |||
|- align=center | |||
!rowspan=2|{{PIE|*o}} | |||
!{{PIE|*h₃e}} | |||
|rowspan=2|{{PIE|o, a}} | |||
|rowspan=5|{{PIE|a}} | |||
|rowspan=2|{{PIE|a, e}} | |||
|rowspan=2|{{PIE|a}} | |||
|rowspan="2" colspan="3"|{{PIE|o}} | |||
|- align=center | |||
!{{PIE|*o}} | |||
|colspan="2"|{{PIE|a}}; {{PIE|ā}}<ref group=V name=Brugmann>In open syllables ([[Brugmann's law]]).</ref> | |||
|- align=center | |||
!rowspan=3|{{PIE|*ə}}<ref group=V name=CVC>Between consonants, or at the end of a word after a consonant.</ref> | |||
!{{PIE|*h₁}}<ref group=V name=CVC/> | |||
|rowspan=3|{{PIE|i}} | |||
|rowspan=3|{{PIE|i, ∅}} | |||
|rowspan="6" colspan="2"|{{PIE|∅}} | |||
|rowspan=3|{{PIE|a, ∅}} | |||
|rowspan=3|{{PIE|ā}} | |||
|∅ | |||
|{{PIE|e}} | |||
|rowspan="3" colspan="2"|{{PIE|a}} | |||
|rowspan=3|{{PIE|a, ∅}} | |||
|- align=center | |||
!{{PIE|*h₂}}<ref group=V name=CVC/> | |||
|ḫ | |||
|{{PIE|a}} | |||
|- align=center | |||
!{{PIE|*h₃}}<ref group=V name=CVC/> | |||
|∅ | |||
|{{PIE|o}} | |||
|- align=center | |||
!rowspan=3|{{PIE|*-}} | |||
!{{PIE|*h₁-}}<ref group=V name=#VC>At the beginning of a word, followed by a consonant.</ref> | |||
|rowspan="3" colspan="2"|{{PIE|∅}} | |||
|{{PIE|e (a?)}} | |||
|rowspan="3" colspan="2"|{{PIE|∅}} | |||
|a, ∅ | |||
|{{PIE|e (o)}} | |||
|rowspan="3" colspan="5"|{{PIE|∅}} | |||
|- align=center | |||
!{{PIE|*h₂-}}<ref group=V name=#VC/> | |||
|rowspan="2"|{{PIE|a}} | |||
|ḫa | |||
|{{PIE|a}} | |||
|- align=center | |||
!{{PIE|*h₃-}}<ref group=V name=#VC/> | |||
|{{PIE|a, ha}} | |||
|{{PIE|o}} | |||
|- align=center | |||
!{{PIE|*ē}} | |||
!{{PIE|*ē}}, {{PIE|*eh₁}} | |||
|rowspan=3 colspan=2|{{PIE|ā}} | |||
|{{PIE|ě}} | |||
|{{PIE|ė}} | |||
|{{PIE|i}} | |||
|rowspan=2|{{PIE|o, ua}} | |||
|{{PIE|a/e}}?; {{PIE|ā}}?<ref group=V name=final>In a final syllable.</ref> | |||
|{{PIE|ē, e, i}} | |||
|colspan=2|{{PIE|ē}} | |||
|{{PIE|ī}} | |||
|{{PIE|ē}} | |||
|colspan=2|{{PIE|ǣ}} | |||
|- align=center | |||
!{{PIE|*ā}} | |||
!({{PIE|*ā}}<ref group=V name=a?/>), {{PIE|*eh₂}} | |||
|rowspan=2|{{PIE|a}} | |||
|{{PIE|o}} {{IPA|[oː]}} | |||
|{{PIE|a}} | |||
|{{PIE|a/o}}? | |||
|{{PIE|a, ah}} | |||
|{{PIE|ā > ē}}<ref group=V name=Attic>''ā'' > ''ē'' in Attic and Ionic dialects only.</ref> | |||
|{{PIE|ā}} | |||
|{{PIE|ā}} | |||
|rowspan=2 colspan=2|{{PIE|ō}} | |||
|rowspan=2|{{PIE|ē}} | |||
|- align=center | |||
!{{PIE|*ō}} | |||
!{{PIE|*ō}}, {{PIE|*eh₃}} | |||
|{{PIE|uo}} | |||
|{{PIE|u}} | |||
|{{PIE|e}} | |||
|{{PIE|a/ā}}?; {{PIE|ū}}?<ref group=V name=final/> | |||
|{{PIE|a, ā}} | |||
|colspan=2|{{PIE|ō}} | |||
|{{PIE|ā}}; {{PIE|ū}}<ref group=V name=final/> | |||
|- align=center | |||
!{{PIE|*i}} | |||
!{{PIE|*i}} | |||
|colspan=2|{{PIE|i}} | |||
|{{PIE|ь}} | |||
|{{PIE|i}} | |||
|rowspan=2|{{PIE|i}} | |||
|{{PIE|i}}; {{PIE|e}}<ref group=V name=a>Before ''ā'' in the following syllable.</ref> | |||
|{{PIE|ä}} | |||
|rowspan=4|{{PIE|i}}, ī | |||
|colspan=3|{{PIE|i}} | |||
|{{PIE|i}}; {{PIE|aí}} {{IPA|[ɛ]}}<ref group=V name=Vrh/> | |||
|colspan=2|{{PIE|i}} | |||
|- align=center | |||
!rowspan=3|{{PIE|*ī}} | |||
!{{PIE|*ih₁}} | |||
|rowspan=3 colspan=2|{{PIE|ī}} | |||
|rowspan=4|{{PIE|i}} | |||
|rowspan=3|{{PIE|y}} {{IPA|[iː]}} | |||
|rowspan=4|{{PIE|i}} | |||
|{{PIE|i}} | |||
|{{PIE|ī}} | |||
|rowspan=3 colspan=2|{{PIE|ī}} | |||
|rowspan=4|{{PIE|ei}} {{IPA|[iː]}} | |||
|rowspan=4 colspan=2|{{PIE|ī}} | |||
|- align=center | |||
!{{PIE|*ih₂}} | |||
|rowspan=2|{{PIE|i}}<br/>or {{PIE|<sup>(j)</sup>a}}?<ref group=V name=breaking>The so-called [[vowel breaking|breaking]] is disputed (typical examples are {{PIE|*proti-h₃kʷo-}} > Ved. ''prátīkam'' ~ Gk. {{lang|grc|πρόσωπον}}; {{PIE|*gʷih₃u̯o-}} > Ved. ''jīvá-'' ~ Arm. ''keank‘'', Gk. {{lang|grc|ζωός}}; {{PIE|*duh₂ro-}} > Ved. ''dūrá-'' ~ Arm. ''erkar'', Gk. {{lang|grc|δηρός}})</ref> | |||
|rowspan=2|{{PIE|yā}} | |||
|{{PIE|ī}} or {{PIE|<sup>(j)</sup>ā}}?<ref group=V name=breaking/> | |||
|- align=center | |||
!{{PIE|*ih₃}} | |||
|{{PIE|ī}} or {{PIE|<sup>(j)</sup>ō}}?<ref group=V name=breaking/> | |||
|- align=center | |||
!{{PIE|*ei}} | |||
!{{PIE|*ei}}, {{PIE|*h₁ei}} | |||
|rowspan=3|{{PIE|ai > ē}} | |||
|rowspan=3|{{PIE|ai > ōi}},<br/>{{PIE|āi > aē}}<ref group=V name=Brugmann/> | |||
|{{PIE|ei}}; {{PIE|ie}}<ref group=V name=stress>Under stress.</ref> | |||
|{{PIE|i}} | |||
|rowspan=3|{{PIE|e}} | |||
|{{PIE|ē}} | |||
|{{PIE|ei}} | |||
|{{PIE|ī}} | |||
|{{PIE|ē}} | |||
|- align=center | |||
!{{PIE|*oi}} | |||
!{{PIE|*oi}}, {{PIE|*h₃ei}} | |||
|rowspan=2|{{PIE|ě}} | |||
|rowspan=2|{{PIE|ai}}; {{PIE|ie}}<ref group=V name=stress/> | |||
|rowspan=2|{{PIE|e}} | |||
|rowspan=2|{{PIE|e, ai}} | |||
|rowspan=2|ē, ai | |||
|{{PIE|oi}} | |||
|{{PIE|ū}} | |||
|{{PIE|oi}} | |||
|rowspan=2|{{PIE|ái}} | |||
|rowspan=2|{{PIE|ā}} | |||
|rowspan=2|{{PIE|ǣ}} | |||
|- align=center | |||
!{{PIE|*ai}} | |||
!({{PIE|*ai}}<ref group=V name=a?/>), {{PIE|*h₂ei}} | |||
|{{PIE|ai}} | |||
|{{PIE|ae}} | |||
|{{PIE|ai}} | |||
|- align=center | |||
!{{PIE|*ēi}} | |||
!{{PIE|*ēi}} | |||
|rowspan=3|{{PIE|āi}} > {{PIE|ai}}; {{PIE|ā}}<ref group=V name=final/> | |||
|rowspan=3|{{PIE|āi}}; {{PIE|ā(i)}}<ref group=V name=final/> | |||
|{{PIE|i}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|{{PIE|i}} | |||
| | |||
|ē | |||
|{{PIE|ēi}} | |||
|{{PIE|ī}}? | |||
| | |||
|{{PIE|ei}} {{IPA|[iː]}} | |||
|colspan=2|{{PIE|ī}} | |||
|- align=center | |||
!{{PIE|*ōi}} | |||
!{{PIE|*ōi (*oei)}} | |||
|{{PIE|y}}; {{PIE|u}}<ref group=V name=final/> | |||
|{{PIE|ai}}; {{PIE|ui}}<ref group=V name=final/> | |||
| | |||
|rowspan=2|{{PIE|e, ai}} | |||
| | |||
|{{PIE|ai}} | |||
|{{PIE|ōi}} | |||
|{{PIE|ō}} | |||
|{{PIE|u}}<ref group=V name=final/> | |||
|rowspan=2|{{PIE|ái}} | |||
|rowspan=2|{{PIE|ā}} | |||
|rowspan=2|{{PIE|ǣ}} | |||
|- align=center | |||
!{{PIE|*āi}} | |||
!{{PIE|*eh₂ei}} | |||
|{{PIE|ě}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|ai | |||
|{{PIE|āi > ēi}}<ref group=V name=Attic/> | |||
|{{PIE|ae}} | |||
|- align=center | |||
!{{PIE|*u}} | |||
!{{PIE|*u}} | |||
| colspan="2"|{{PIE|u}} | |||
|{{PIE|ъ}} | |||
|{{PIE|u}} | |||
|rowspan=2|{{PIE|u}} | |||
|{{PIE|u}}; {{PIE|y}}<ref group=V name=i>Before ''i'' in the following syllable.</ref> | |||
|{{PIE|ä}} | |||
|rowspan=7|{{PIE|u}} | |||
|{{PIE|u}} | |||
|{{PIE|u}} | |||
|{{PIE|u}}; {{PIE|o}}<ref group=V name=wa>Before ''wa''.</ref> | |||
|{{PIE|u}}; {{PIE|aú}} {{IPA|[ɔ]}}<ref group=V name=Vrh/> | |||
|{{PIE|u}}; {{PIE|o}}<ref group=V name=nonhigh>Before a non-high vowel in the next syllable ([[Germanic a-mutation|''a''-mutation]]).</ref> | |||
|{{PIE|y}} | |||
|- align=center | |||
!rowspan=3|{{PIE|*ū}} | |||
!{{PIE|*uh₁}} | |||
|rowspan=3 colspan="2"|{{PIE|ū}} | |||
|rowspan=3|{{PIE|y}} | |||
|rowspan=3|{{PIE|ū}} | |||
|rowspan=3|{{PIE|y}}; {{PIE|i}}<ref group=V name=final/> | |||
|{{PIE|u}} | |||
|{{PIE|ū}} | |||
|rowspan=3 colspan="4"|{{PIE|ū}} | |||
|rowspan=3|{{PIE|ȳ}} | |||
|- align=center | |||
!{{PIE|*uh₂}} | |||
|rowspan=2|{{PIE|u}}<br/>or {{PIE|<sup>(w)</sup>a}}?<ref group=V name=breaking/> | |||
|rowspan=2|{{PIE|wā}} | |||
|{{PIE|ū}} or {{PIE|<sup>(w)</sup>ā}}?<ref group=V name=breaking/> | |||
|- align=center | |||
!{{PIE|*uh₃}} | |||
|{{PIE|ū}} or {{PIE|<sup>(w)</sup>ō}}?<ref group=V name=breaking/> | |||
|- align=center | |||
!{{PIE|*eu}} | |||
!{{PIE|*eu}}, {{PIE|*h₁eu}} | |||
|rowspan=3|{{PIE|au}} > {{PIE|ō}} | |||
|rowspan=3|{{PIE|ə̄u}}; {{PIE|ao}}<ref group=V name=Brugmann/> | |||
|{{PIE|ju}} | |||
|{{PIE|iau}} | |||
|rowspan=2|{{PIE|oy}} | |||
|{{PIE|e}} | |||
|{{PIE|u}} | |||
|{{PIE|eu}} | |||
|rowspan=2|{{PIE|ū}} | |||
|rowspan=3|{{PIE|ou}} | |||
|{{PIE|iu}} | |||
|{{PIE|ēo}} | |||
|rowspan=5|{{PIE|īe}} | |||
|- align=center | |||
!{{PIE|*ou}} | |||
!{{PIE|*ou}},{{PIE|*h₃eu}} | |||
|rowspan=2|{{PIE|u}} | |||
|rowspan=2|{{PIE|au}} | |||
|rowspan=2|{{PIE|a}} | |||
|rowspan=2|{{PIE|o, au}} | |||
|{{PIE|ou}} | |||
|rowspan=2|{{PIE|áu}} | |||
|rowspan=2|{{PIE|ēa}} | |||
|- align=center | |||
!{{PIE|*au}} | |||
!({{PIE|*au}}<ref group=V name=a?/>), {{PIE|*h₂eu}} | |||
|{{PIE|aw}} | |||
|{{PIE|au}} | |||
|{{PIE|au}} | |||
|- align=center | |||
!{{PIE|*ēu}} | |||
!{{PIE|*ēu}} | |||
|rowspan="2"|{{PIE|āu}} > {{PIE|au}} | |||
|rowspan="2"|{{PIE|āu}} | |||
|{{PIE|u}} | |||
|{{PIE|iau}} | |||
| | |||
|{{PIE|e}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|{{PIE|ū}}? | |||
| | |||
|{{PIE|iu}} | |||
|{{PIE|ēo}} | |||
|- align=center | |||
!{{PIE|*ōu}} | |||
!{{PIE|*ōu}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|{{PIE|a}} | |||
| | |||
|au | |||
|{{PIE|ō}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|{{PIE|áu}} | |||
|{{PIE|ēa}} | |||
|- align=center | |||
!{{PIE|*m̥}} | |||
!{{PIE|*m̥}} | |||
|colspan="2"|{{PIE|a}} | |||
|rowspan=4|{{PIE|ę}} | |||
|{{PIE|im̃}}; {{PIE|um̃}}<ref group=V name=labvel>In the neighbourhood of labiovelars.</ref> | |||
|{{PIE|am}} | |||
|rowspan=10|{{PIE|a}} | |||
|{{PIE|äm}} | |||
|a, un | |||
|{{PIE|a}} | |||
|{{PIE|em}} | |||
|{{PIE|em, am}} | |||
|rowspan=5|{{PIE|um}} | |||
|rowspan=5|{{PIE|um}} | |||
|rowspan=5|{{PIE|ym}} | |||
|- align=center | |||
!rowspan=3|{{PIE|*m̥̅}} | |||
!{{PIE|*mh₁}} | |||
|rowspan=3 colspan="2"|{{PIE|ā}} | |||
|rowspan=3|{{PIE|ìm}}; {{PIE|ùm}}<ref group=V name=labvel/> | |||
|rowspan=3|{{PIE|ama}} | |||
|rowspan=3|{{PIE|mā}} | |||
|rowspan=3| | |||
|{{PIE|mē}} | |||
|rowspan=3 colspan="2"|{{PIE|mā}} | |||
|- align=center | |||
!{{PIE|*mh₂}} | |||
|{{PIE|mā > mē}}<ref group=V name=Attic/> | |||
|- align=center | |||
!{{PIE|*mh₃}} | |||
|{{PIE|mō}} | |||
|- align=center | |||
!{{PIE|*m̥m}} | |||
!{{PIE|*m̥m}} | |||
|colspan="2"|{{PIE|am}} | |||
|{{PIE|ьm/ъm}} | |||
|{{PIE|im}}; {{PIE|um}}<ref group=V name=labvel/> | |||
|{{PIE|am}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|{{PIE|am}} | |||
|{{PIE|em}} | |||
|{{PIE|am}} | |||
|- align=center | |||
!{{PIE|*n̥}} | |||
!{{PIE|*n̥}} | |||
|colspan="2"|{{PIE|a}} | |||
|rowspan=4|{{PIE|ę}} | |||
|{{PIE|iñ}}; {{PIE|uñ}}<ref group=V name=labvel/> | |||
|{{PIE|an}} | |||
|{{PIE|än}} | |||
|an | |||
|{{PIE|a}} | |||
|{{PIE|en}} | |||
|{{PIE|en, an}} | |||
|rowspan=5|{{PIE|un}} | |||
|rowspan=5|{{PIE|un}} | |||
|rowspan=5|{{PIE|yn}} | |||
|- align=center | |||
!rowspan=3|{{PIE|*n̥̄}} | |||
!{{PIE|*nh₁}} | |||
|rowspan=3 colspan="2"|{{PIE|ā}} | |||
|rowspan=3|{{PIE|ìn}}; {{PIE|ùn}}<ref group=V name=labvel/> | |||
|rowspan=3|{{PIE|ana}} | |||
|rowspan=3|{{PIE|nā}} | |||
|rowspan=3| | |||
|{{PIE|nē}} | |||
|rowspan=3 colspan="2"|{{PIE|nā}} | |||
|- align=center | |||
!{{PIE|*nh₂}} | |||
|{{PIE|nā > nē}} <ref group=V name=Attic/> | |||
|- align=center | |||
!{{PIE|*nh₃}} | |||
|{{PIE|nō}} | |||
|- align=center | |||
!|{{PIE|*n̥n}} | |||
!|{{PIE|*n̥n}} | |||
|colspan="2"|{{PIE|an}} | |||
|{{PIE|ьn/ъn}} | |||
|{{PIE|iñ}}; {{PIE|uñ}}<ref group=V name=labvel/> | |||
|{{PIE|an}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|{{PIE|an}} | |||
|{{PIE|en}} | |||
|{{PIE|an}} | |||
|- align=center | |||
!|{{PIE|*l̥}} | |||
!{{PIE|*l̥}} | |||
|{{PIE|r̥}} | |||
|{{PIE|ərə}} | |||
|rowspan=4|{{PIE|lь/lъ}} | |||
|{{PIE|il̃}}; {{PIE|ul̃}}<ref group=V name=labvel/> | |||
|{{PIE|al}} | |||
|{{PIE|il, li; ul, lu}} | |||
|{{PIE|äl}} | |||
|al | |||
|{{PIE|la}} | |||
|{{PIE|ol}} | |||
|{{PIE|li}};<ref group=V name=VPM>Before a stop or ''m''.</ref> {{PIE|al}} | |||
|rowspan=5|{{PIE|ul}} | |||
|rowspan=5|{{PIE|ul; ol}}<ref group=V name=nonhigh/> | |||
|rowspan=5|{{PIE|yl}} | |||
|- align=center | |||
!rowspan=3|{{PIE|*l̥̄}} | |||
!{{PIE|*lh₁}} | |||
|rowspan=3|{{PIE|īr}}; {{PIE|ūr}}<ref group=V name=labial>In the neighbourhood of labials.</ref> | |||
|rowspan=3|{{PIE|arə}} | |||
|rowspan=3|{{PIE|ìl}}; {{PIE|ùl}}<ref group=V name=labvel/> | |||
|rowspan=3|{{PIE|ala}} | |||
|rowspan=3|{{PIE|al}} | |||
|rowspan=3|{{PIE|lā}} | |||
|rowspan=3| | |||
|{{PIE|lē}} | |||
|rowspan=3 colspan="2"|{{PIE|lā}} | |||
|- align=center | |||
!{{PIE|*lh₂}} | |||
|{{PIE|lā > lē}}<ref group=V name=Attic/> | |||
|- align=center | |||
!{{PIE|*lh₃}} | |||
|{{PIE|lō}} | |||
|- align=center | |||
!|{{PIE|*l̥l}} | |||
!|{{PIE|*l̥l}} | |||
|{{PIE|ir}}; {{PIE|ur}}<ref group=V name=labial/> | |||
|{{PIE|ar}} | |||
|{{PIE|ьl/ъl}} | |||
|{{PIE|il}}; {{PIE|ul}}<ref group=V name=labvel/> | |||
|{{PIE|al, la}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|{{PIE|al}} | |||
|{{PIE|el}} | |||
|{{PIE|al}} | |||
|- align=center | |||
!|{{PIE|*r̥}} | |||
!{{PIE|*r̥}} | |||
|{{PIE|r̥}} | |||
|{{PIE|ərə}} | |||
|rowspan=4|{{PIE|rь/rъ}} | |||
|{{PIE|ir̃}}; {{PIE|ur̃}}<ref group=V name=labvel/> | |||
|{{PIE|ar}} | |||
|{{PIE|ir, ri; ur, ru}} | |||
|{{PIE|är}} | |||
|ar, ur | |||
|{{PIE|ra}} | |||
|{{PIE|or}} | |||
|{{PIE|ri}};<ref group=V name=VPM/> {{PIE|ar}} | |||
|rowspan=5|{{PIE|aúr}} {{IPA|[ɔr]}} | |||
|rowspan=5|{{PIE|ur; or}}<ref group=V name=nonhigh/> | |||
|rowspan=5|{{PIE|yr}} | |||
|- align=center | |||
!rowspan=3|{{PIE|*r̥̄}} | |||
!{{PIE|*rh₁}} | |||
|rowspan=3|{{PIE|īr}}; {{PIE|ūr}}<ref group=V name=labial/> | |||
|rowspan=3|{{PIE|arə}} | |||
|rowspan=3|{{PIE|ìr}}; {{PIE|ùr}}<ref group=V name=labvel/> | |||
|rowspan=3|{{PIE|ara}} | |||
|rowspan=3|{{PIE|ra}} | |||
|rowspan=3|{{PIE|rā}} | |||
|rowspan=3| | |||
|{{PIE|rē}} | |||
|rowspan=3 colspan="2"|{{PIE|rā}} | |||
|- align=center | |||
!{{PIE|*rh₂}} | |||
|{{PIE|rā > rē}}<ref group=V name=Attic/> | |||
|- align=center | |||
!{{PIE|*rh₃}} | |||
|{{PIE|rō}} | |||
|- align=center | |||
!|{{PIE|*r̥r}} | |||
!|{{PIE|*r̥r}} | |||
|{{PIE|ir}}; {{PIE|ur}}<ref group=V name=labial/> | |||
|{{PIE|ar}} | |||
|{{PIE|ьr/ъr}} | |||
|{{PIE|ir}}; {{PIE|ur}}<ref group=V name=labvel/> | |||
|{{PIE|ar}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|{{PIE|ar}} | |||
|{{PIE|ar}} | |||
|{{PIE|ar}} | |||
|- align=center | |||
! rowspan=2|Trad. PIE !! rowspan=2|[[Laryngeal theory|Laryng. PIE]] !! rowspan=2|[[Sanskrit|Skr.]] !! rowspan=2|[[Avestan|Av.]] !! rowspan=2|[[Old Church Slavonic|O.C.S.]] !! rowspan=2|[[Lithuanian language|Lith.]] !! rowspan=2|[[Armenian language|Arm.]] !! rowspan=2|[[Albanian language|Alb.]] !! rowspan=2|[[Tocharian languages|Toch.]] !! rowspan=2|[[Hittite language|Hitt.]] !! rowspan=2|[[Greek language|Greek]] !! rowspan=2|[[Latin]]<ref group=V name=initial/> !! rowspan=2|[[Proto-Celtic]] !! rowspan=2|[[Gothic language|Gothic]]<ref group=V name=nonfinal/> !! normal !! [[Germanic umlaut|umlauted]]<ref group=V name=iumlaut/> | |||
|- align=center | |||
!colspan=2|[[Old English]]<ref group=V name=initial/> | |||
|} | |||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
edits