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Natalician (view source)

Revision as of 00:23, 15 November 2024

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:''danah danah'' – "happily"
:''danah danah'' – "happily"


===Nouns===
{{see also|Turkish vocabulary#Nouns}}
====Inflection====
A Turkish noun has no [[Grammatical gender|gender]].
The dictionary-form of a noun can take up to four (kinds of) [[#Inflectional suffixes|inflectional suffixes]], generally in the following order:
# '''plural suffix''';
# '''suffix of [[Possession (linguistics)|possession]]''' (''iyelik eki'' from ''iye'' "owner");
# '''[[Declension|case]]-ending''';
# '''[[Grammatical person|personal]] suffix''' (''kişi eki'' from ''kişi'' "person").
Through its presence or absence, the plural ending shows distinctions of [[Grammatical number|number]].
=====Number=====
A noun is made plural by addition of ''-ler'' or ''-lar'' (depending on the vowel harmony). When a numeral is used with a noun, however, the plural suffix is usually ''not'' used:
:{|
|-
| ''baş'' || "head"
|-
| ''başlar'' || "[some] heads"
|-
| ''beş baş'' || "five head(s)", but
|-
| ''Beşevler'' || "Five Houses" (district of Bursa)
|}
The plural ending also allows a family (living in one house) to be designated by a single member:
:{|
|-
| ''Aliler'' || "Ali and his family"
|-
| ''teyze'' || "maternal aunt"
|-
| ''teyzem'' || "my maternal aunt"
|-
| ''teyzemler'' || "my maternal aunt and her family"
|}
In the last example, the first-person singular suffix of possession comes ''before'' the plural ending; this is an exception to the order of suffixes given above. In the usual order, we have:
:''teyzelerim'' "my maternal aunts"
Nouns are pluralized in standard temporal greetings.
: ''gün'' ("day") – ''İyi günler!'' ("Good day!")
: ''yıl'' ("year") – ''Mutlu yıllar!'' ("Happy new year!")
=====Possession=====
As noted earlier, the suffixes of possession give the [[Grammatical person|person]] (and number) of the ''possessor'' of what is named by the noun:
{| class="wikitable" style="min-width: 35%;"
|+ Suffixes of Possession (''iyelik ekleri'')
|-
! !! 1st !! 2nd !! 3rd
|-
! singular
| ''-(i)m'' || ''-(i)n'' ||  ''-(s)i''
|-
! plural
| ''-(i)miz'' || ''-(i)niz'' || ''-leri''
|}
When a word takes one of the endings of possession, the word becomes the name of something ''possessed'', not possessing. The word for the possessor, if present, takes the genitive case ending.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Examples with ''teyze'' ("maternal aunt")
|-
! Example !! Composition !! Translation
|-
| ''teyzen'' || ''teyze'' "maternal aunt" + ''-n'' "belonging to you (singular)" || "your maternal aunt"
|-
| ''teyzeniz'' || ''teyze'' "maternal aunt" + ''-niz'' "belonging to you (plural)" || "your maternal aunt"
|-
| ''teyzelerin'' || ''teyze'' "maternal aunt" + ''-ler-'' (plural suffix) + ''-in'' "belonging to you (singular)" || "your maternal aunts"
|-
| ''teyzeleriniz'' || ''teyze'' "maternal aunt" + ''-ler-'' (plural suffix) + ''-iniz'' "belonging to you (plural)" || "your maternal aunts"
|}
The plural ending will not be attached twice to the same word; therefore ambiguity is possible:
:{|
|-
| ''fikir'' || "idea"
|-
| ''fikirleri'' || "their idea" or "their ideas" or "his/her ideas"
|}
Ambiguity can be resolved with [[#Pronouns|pronouns]].
====Verbal nouns====
The '''infinitive, '''formed with ''-mek'' as noted earlier, does not take a suffix of possession, or the genitive case-ending. It does take all other case-endings. In particular, the progressive characteristic given earlier is the infinitive ending with the locative ending:
:''Konuşmaktayız'' – "We are in (the act of) speaking."
:''Savaşmaktayız'' – "We are in warmaking", that is, "We are at war."
The '''verbal noun''' in ''-me'' is called a ''gerund'' above, since it corresponds roughly to the [[English gerund]].
:''bekle'' "wait" → ''bekleme'' "waiting": ''bekleme odası'' "waiting room"
The verbal noun can take a suffix of possession and any case-ending:
{{interlinear|lang=tr|indent=2
| Beklemeniz lâzım.
| your-waiting necessary
| "You have to wait."}}
{{interlinear|lang=tr|indent=2|glossing=link
| Sesini duymayı seviyorum.
| your-voice-ACC hearing-ACC I-love
| "I like to hear your voice."}}
The dative form of a Turkish gerund can correspond precisely to an English infinitive with ''to'':
{{interlinear|lang=tr|indent=2
| Ülkemizde nano teknolojik ürünler üretilmeye başlandı.
| In-our-country nano technological products to-be-produced began
| "Nano-technological products began to be produced in our country."<ref>''Cumhuriyet Bilim-Teknik'' 13 August 2005, p. 1</ref>}}
The suffix ''-iş'' can also be used to create verbal nouns:
:{| class=wikitable
! Verb !! Noun
|-
| ''yürü-'' "walk" || ''yürüyüş'' "walk, walking"
|-
| ''yağ-'' "rain" || ''yağış'' "rain"
|-
| ''al-'' "take" + ''ver-'' "give/spend" || ''alışveriş'' "shopping"
|-
| ''yara-'' "be of use", ''yaratıl-'' "be created" || ''yaratılış'' "creation"
|}
The verb ''et-'' "make, do" can be considered as an '''auxiliary verb''', since for example it is often used with verbal nouns borrowed from other languages, such as Arabic:
''kabul et-'' "accept" (''kabul'' "[an] accepting");
''reddet-'' "reject" (''ret'' "[a] rejecting");
''ziyaret et-'' "visit"  (''ziyaret'' "[a] visiting").
Considered as units, these are transitive verbs; but the nouns in them can also, by themselves, take direct objects:
''Antalya'yı ziyaret'' "visit to Antalya".
What looks like an ablative gerund is usually an adverb; the ending ''-meden'' usually has the sense of "without".
See [[#Adverbs]] below.
An infinitive in the absolute case can be the object of a verb such as ''iste-'' "want":
{{interlinear|lang=tr|indent=2
| Kimi eğitime devam etmek, kimi de çalışmak istiyor.
| some-of-them towards-education continuation make some-of-them also work want
| Some want to continue their education, and some want to work"
(''source:'' ''Cumhuriyet Pazar Dergi'', 14 August 2005, p.&nbsp;1.)}}
Note here that the compound verb ''devam et-'' "continue, last" does not take a direct object, but is complemented by a dative noun.
Another way to express obligation (besides with ''lâzım'' as in the [[#lazim|earlier example]]) is by means of ''zor'' "trouble, compulsion" and an infinitive:
''Gitmek zoru'' "Go compulsion",
''Gitmek zorundayız'' "We must go".
(''Source:'' same as the last example.)
Both an infinitive and a gerund are objects of the postposition ''için'' "for" in the third sentence of the quotation within the following quotation:
{{Verse translation|
{{lang|tr|
Tesis yetkilileri,
"Bölge insanları genelde tutucu.
Sahil kesimleri
yola yakın olduğu için
rahat bir şekilde göle giremiyorlar.
Biz de
hem yoldan geçenlerin görüş açısını '''kapatmak'''
hem de erkeklerin rahatsız '''etmemesi''' için
paravan kullanıyoruz"
dedi.
Ancak paravanın aralarından
çocukların karşı tarafı gözetlemeleri
engellenemedi.
}}
|
Facility its-authorities
"District its-people in-general conservative.
Shore its-sections   
to-road near their-being for
comfortable a in-form to-lake they-cannot-enter.
We also
both from-road of-passers sight their-angle '''to-close'''
and men's uncomfortable '''their-not-making''' for
screen we-are-using"
they-said.
But curtain's from-its-gaps
children's other side their-spying
cannot-be-hindered.
|attr1=''Cumhuriyet,'' 9 August 2005, p.&nbsp;1.}}
A free translation is:
<blockquote>
The facility authorities said: "The people of this district [namely [[Edremit, Van]]] are generally conservative.  They cannot enter [[Lake Van|the lake]] comfortably, because the shore areas are near the road.  So we are using a screen, both '''to close off''' the view of passersby on the road, and so '''that''' men '''will not cause discomfort.'''"  However, children cannot be prevented from spying on the other side through gaps in the screen.
</blockquote>


===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
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