Tefrian: Difference between revisions

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Tefrian (view source)

Revision as of 15:28, 28 December 2024

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==Orthography==
==Orthography==
==Grammar==
==Grammar==
Tefrian's is a [[w:Fusional language|fusional]] language, meaning that it utilizes single inflectional morphemes to denote multiple grammatical, syntactic, or semantic features. The vast majority of Tefrian derivational and inflectional morphology relies on suffixation, with very few prefixes in between. Verbs are marked for person, number, tense, and mood (resulting in up to 36 conjugated forms per verb). Nouns exhibit a system of animacy, which is reflect in pluralization and pronoun agreement. Nouns are also marked for 2 numbers.
Tefrian is a [[w:Fusional language|fusional]] language, meaning that it utilizes single inflectional morphemes to denote multiple grammatical, syntactic, or semantic features. The vast majority of Tefrian derivational and inflectional morphology relies on suffixation, with very few prefixes in between. Verbs are marked for person, number, tense, and mood (resulting in up to 36 conjugated forms per verb). Nouns exhibit a system of animacy, which is reflect in pluralization and pronoun agreement. Nouns are also marked for 2 numbers.
===Word Order===
===Word Order===
Standard Tefrian has standard [[w:Subject–object–verb_word_order|subject-object-verb]] (SOV) word order, with verbs typically being at the very end of a sentence or clause.
Standard Tefrian has standard [[w:Subject–object–verb_word_order|subject-object-verb]] (SOV) word order, with verbs typically being at the very end of a sentence or clause.
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* <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">{{lang|ar|sc=Arab|قد}}</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">{{lang|ar|sc=Arab|ارد}}</span>؟ — ''<span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">Qod</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">ered</span>?'' — "<span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">What</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">is he eating</span>?"
* <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">{{lang|ar|sc=Arab|قد}}</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">{{lang|ar|sc=Arab|ارد}}</span>؟ — ''<span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">Qod</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">ered</span>?'' — "<span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">What</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">is he eating</span>?"
* <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">{{lang|ar|sc=Arab|اش}}</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">{{lang|ar|sc=Arab|ارد}}</span>؟ — ''<span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">Uš</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">ered</span>?'' — "<span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">Who</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">is eating</span>?"
* <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">{{lang|ar|sc=Arab|اش}}</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">{{lang|ar|sc=Arab|ارد}}</span>؟ — ''<span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">Uš</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">ered</span>?'' — "<span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">Who</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">is eating</span>?"
===Nouns===
Like other West-Asisic languages, all Tefrian nouns are grammatically classified as either ''animate'' or ''inanimate''. Animacy is inherent to a word and is only indicated in the plurals of regular nouns. Neither verbs nor adjectives display animacy agreement with nouns. Nouns only change for number, as they are not marked for case.
====Plural====
A given noun is grouped into one of three categories depending on how its plural is formed:
# '''Regular animate nouns''', which regularly form their plurals with the {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|ـڔ}} ''-(e)ṛ'' suffix.
# '''Regular inanimate nouns''', which regularly form their plurals with the {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|ـݦ}} ''-(e)ṃ'' suffix.
# '''Irregular nouns''', which could be either animate or inanimate, and form their plurals by changing the root itself.


===Article===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
===Nominals===
|-
! colspan="2" |
! singular
! plural
|-
! rowspan="2" | regular
! animate
| style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" | {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|{{c|دیڤ}}}} ''dayev''<br /><span style="color:gray">"sister"</span>
| style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" | {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|دیڤڔ}} ''dayeveṛ''<br /><span style="color:gray">"sisters"</span>
|-
! inanimate
| style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" | {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|{{c|گشر}}}} ''gušir''<br /><span style="color:gray">"island"</span>
| style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" | {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|گشرݦ}} ''gušreṃ''<br /><span style="color:gray">"islands"</span>
|- style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;"
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | irregular
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|{{c|ڤر}}}} ''vir''<br /><span style="color:gray">"man"</span>
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|ڤر}} ''veyeˤ''<br /><span style="color:gray">"men"</span>
|- style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;"
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|{{c|ارض}}}} ''eraċ''<br /><span style="color:gray">"land"</span>
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|اراض}} ''erāċ''<br /><span style="color:gray">"lands"</span>
|}
===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
Tefrian is a [[w:Null-subject language|pro-drop]] language, meaning subjective personal pronouns are normally omitted. Tefrian Pronouns come in three forms:
# '''Direct''' or '''Full''', which are idependent standalone pronouns.
# '''Reflexive''', which are used in reflexive senses.
# '''Clitics''', which are used when the antecedent is the object or possessor.
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
|+ '''Tefrian personal pronouns'''
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="4" | singular
! colspan="3" | plural
|- style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
! 1st
! 2nd
! 3rd animate
! 3rd inanimate
! 1st
! 2nd
! 3rd
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | direct
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|چی}} ''cay''
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|طا}} ''ṭā''
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|سو}} ''saw''
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|طو}} ''ṭaw'
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|ڤی}} ''vī''
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|طار}} ''ṭār''
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|طور}} ''ṭawer''
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | reflexive
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|چم}} ''cim''
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|طش}} ''ṭiš''
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|سد}} ''sod''
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|طد}} ''ṭod''
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|ڤن}} ''vin''
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|حر}} ''ḥer''
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|طلد}} ''ṭold''
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | clitic
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|ـم}} ''-(e)m''
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|ـش}} ''-(e)š''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|ـد}} ''-(e)d''
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|ـن}} ''-(e)n''
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|ـر}} ''-(e)r''
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|ـلد}} ''-(e)ld''
|}
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
|+ '''Tefrian relative pronouns'''
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | singular
! rowspan="2" | plural
|- style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
! animate
! inanimate
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | direct
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|ير}} ''yer''
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|يم}} ''yem'
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|يس}} ''yes''
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | reflexive
| colspan="2" | {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|سس}} ''sis''
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|سس}} ''ses''
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | clitic
| colspan="3" | {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|ـ(ـڤـ)ـر}} ''-(v)ir''
|}
</div>
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
|+ '''Tefrian interrogative pronouns'''
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | singular
! rowspan="2" | plural
|- style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
! animate
! inanimate
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | direct
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|اش}} ''uš''
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|قد}} ''qod'
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|حر}} ''ḥor''
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | reflexive
| colspan="2" | {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|قح}} ''qoḥ''
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|حح}} ''ḥoḥ''
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | clitic
| colspan="3" | {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|ـ(ـڤـ)ـح}} ''-(v)oḥ''
|}
</div>
3rd-person pronouns also double as demonstratives.
* <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">{{lang|ar|sc=Arab|طو}}</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">{{lang|ar|sc=Arab|شفر}}</span> — ''<span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">ṭaw</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">šufr</span>'' — "<span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">this/that</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">book</span>"
===Verbs===
===Verbs===
==Vocabulary==
==Vocabulary==
==Example text==
==Example text==
==See also==
==See also==
Vrianne
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