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Myt ma lygh (i no bhë ni na·mhidhadh! Pwanth tharvach pr'adhelanth!)
m (Corhithôn dhitîl ethermadhmenth menor (tdiporhafî)) |
(Myt ma lygh (i no bhë ni na·mhidhadh! Pwanth tharvach pr'adhelanth!)) |
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:Pha Theng-thun (''Tsúnsîʔì fâtséng'', or Low Theng-thun) is one of the languages of the 'Rock clan' in the Tengesia world. Like other conlangs in that conworld, it descends from Tengoko and, more specifically, from Middle Theng-thun. It has little inter-intelligibility with Tunjietian, the leading Theng-thun language in its conworld. It could be seen as Tengoko's world analogue to some Chinese languages ('dialects') like Cantonese. Like nearly all Tengtunic languages, Pha Theng-thun is tonal. It is less restrictive about codae than other extant Tengtunic languages (being the only one that allows stops in syllable-final position). | :Pha Theng-thun (''Tsúnsîʔì fâtséng'', or Low Theng-thun) is one of the languages of the 'Rock clan' in the Tengesia world. Like other conlangs in that conworld, it descends from Tengoko and, more specifically, from Middle Theng-thun. It has little inter-intelligibility with Tunjietian, the leading Theng-thun language in its conworld. It could be seen as Tengoko's world analogue to some Chinese languages ('dialects') like Cantonese. Like nearly all Tengtunic languages, Pha Theng-thun is tonal. It is less restrictive about codae than other extant Tengtunic languages (being the only one that allows stops in syllable-final position). | ||
:Constructed scripts: Pha-Kha (alphabetic), Tunsi Kar (logographic, often following Tunjietian rules). | :Constructed scripts: Pha-Kha (alphabetic), Tunsi Kar (logographic, often following Tunjietian rules). | ||
===Tehya languages=== | |||
''Tehya'' is a family of constructed languages based on an early ancestor, ''Proto-Tehya''. Proto-Tehya would develop into ''Tighaia'' which, in turn, is ancestral to ''Eharthen'' and ''Tecya''. At first, I had only Eharthen as a stand-alone conlang before I decided to work a 'precursor' language out of it (and, eventually, a 'sister' language, Tecya). One interesting thing about Tehya languages is that I constructed a family of scripts for them that parallels the evolution of some real-world alphabets. Thus, Proto-Kirta (the script of late Proto-Teyha or early Tighaia) looks a bit pictographic (although alphabetic in nature; comparable to Proto-Sinaitic), Tighaia is written in Old Kirta (with simplified glyphs) which, in turn, developed into three scripts: Inscriptional Kirta (very angular, used for inscriptions in monuments and official documents), Monks' hand Kirta (more cursive, used by monks and clerics) and Vertical Kirta (which, as the name hints, was written vertically rather than horizontally as other Kirta scripts). Eharthen's modern script, Kirthai, is a combination of Inscriptional and Monks' hand Kirta, using forms [mostly] derived from the former as capital letters and forms [mostly] derived from the latter as lowercase (being the only bicameral Kirta script); on the other hand, Hirtau, Tecya's script, is based on Vertical Kirta (it is also a vertical script). | |||
*'''[[Tighaia|Proto-Tehya and Tighaia]]''' | |||
:''A priori'', Tehya | |||
:Two stages of a language that is ancestral to Eharthen and Tecya. Both share a three vowel system (/a/, /i/, /u/). On the other hand, their consonantal inventories differ due to various sound shifts between Proto-Tehya and Tighaia (which can also be spelled ''Tiǵaia''): Proto-Tehya ''laħa'' /ɬaʕa/ > Tighaia ''ñaza'' /ŋ̊aza/. | |||
:Constructed scripts: Proto-Kirta (alphabetic, late Proto-Tehya), Old Kirta (alphabetic, classical Tighaia), Inscriptional, Monks' hand and Vertical Kirta (alphabetic, late Tighaia) | |||
*'''[[Eharthen]]''' | |||
:''A priori'', Tehya | |||
:A language descended from Tighaia. Eharthen displays several innovations with respect to Tighaia: the development of a six vowel system (adding /e/, /o/ and /y/ to Tighaia's /a/, /i/, /u/ inventory), some consonant shifts such as Tighaia ''ñaza'' /ŋ̊aza/ > Eharthen ''mara'' /maɹa/ and, most noticeably, the introduction of a so-called ''specular directionality'': head directionality (mostly head final in Tighaia) now changes depending on whether a word comes before or after the main verb of a sentence. Thus, 'to the kingbecomes ''oi mara'' (DATIVE king; head final) in ''Oi mara gavarthu'' (it was given to the king; groups are head final before the main verb) whereas it is ''mara oi'' (king DATIVe; head initial) in ''Gavarthu mara oi'' (same meaning as ''Oi mara gavarthu''). | |||
:Constructed scripts: Inscriptional Kirta and Monks' hand (alphabetic, early Eharthen), Kirthai (alphabetic) | |||
*'''[[Tecya]]''' | |||
:''A priori'', Tehya | |||
:A language descended from Tighaia. Tecya syntax shows signs of split ergativity: first and second pronouns have Nominative-Accusative alignment whereas an Ergative-Absolutive alignment is used otherwise. Unlike other Tehya languages with largely free word order, Tehya almost exclusively use Verb-Object-Subject word order for non-interrogative sentences and Object-Verb-Subject for questions. It has also underwent a series of sound shifts since Tighaia: Tighaia ''ñaza'' /ŋ̊aza/ becomes ''haca'' /haça/ in Tecya. | |||
:Constructed scripts: Hirtau (alphabetic) | |||
===Aiedain languages=== | |||
The Aiedain are the central civilization of what comes close to being my most developed conworld (which, being much more of a conlanger than of a conworlder, isn't nearly as developed as others). This group includes the Aiedain and related languages. | |||
*'''[[Aiedain]]''' | |||
:''A priori'', Aiedainic | |||
:A flexive ''a priori'' language with a system of honorifics/formality that may mark a 'honorific level' (ranging from exhalted to extremely vulgar) in each noun. For instance, ''daines'' (of the fire, neutral) may be declined to ''dainsunes'' (of the most exhalted fire) or to ''dainunkes'' (of the goddamn fire). | |||
:Constructed scripts: Aiedain script (alphabetic) | |||
*'''[[Taleane Raineri]]''' | |||
:''A priori'' | |||
:'''Non-vocal language''' | |||
:''Taleane Raineri'' (Aiedain for 'Royal Language') is a in-world cryptolang that would be used almost exclusively by royal courtiers. A non-vocal language, Taleane Raineri actually refers to two independent but culturally related communication systems: a sign language and a logographic written language, of which I have only constructed the latter. This conlang could be thought of as a constructed script without an associated spoken language (it should bear some relation to the royal sign language though, yet it is not a transcription of it either). | |||
===Triband languages=== | |||
The Triband are a race of sapient extraterrestial beings. Unlike most aliens from fiction, they are markedly non-humanoid: they are more like weird flying manta-rays. In addition to anatomic differences, their sensory systems are completely different to ours, which has a profound effect in their communication systems: their languages are based on emitting electromagnetic signals in three range of lower-than-light frequencies (I haven't really decided which frequencies that should be; probably somewhere on the radio wave spectrum). Human beings may take advantage of the fact that human vision uses three colour components to 'translate' the three invisible frequencies to the three human-visible colour componentes (red, green and blue, RGB), rendering the otherwise ungraspable Triband 'speech' as a series of lively colours. | |||
*'''[[Triband Common Language]]''' | |||
:''A priori'' | |||
:'''Non-vocal language''' | |||
:The Triband Common Language (TCL) is the ''lingua franca'' of the Triband world; nearly all Triband individuals are fluent in TCL (as well as in some other local language). TCL's phonology (''chromology'', maybe?) uses a series of signal patterns that are common across natural Triband languages (so it would be a succesful good designed auxlang, further showing that Tribands and humans couldn't be more different 😋). More specifically, TCL uses the three 'channels' independently, with four phoneme types: sustained intensity (from 1, lowest, to 5, higher; other languages may use up to 9), continuous raising or falling (three intensities for each), abrupt raise or abrupt fall (two intensities for each) and pulses (two variants: either one pulse or several shorter pulses); with each phoneme having the same duration (which is slightly more common than the opposite in other Triband languages). I'm afraid that TCL grammar isn't as innovative as its 'phonology', it's grammar isn't far enough of what you could find in human languages (other Triband languages may be more innovative in grammar). | |||
:Constructed scripts: Triband Native Script (a cuneiform like alphabetic script used natively by the species), various Human transcriptions (including an ASCII transcription and ''RGB mapping'', that is, rendering the three simultaneous Triband signals as rgb colours in a graph). | |||
===Other ''a priori'' conlangs=== | ===Other ''a priori'' conlangs=== | ||
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:Contrasting with Minmá's simplicity, Bartxe was intended to be pretty complex. It is agglutinative (though, maybe, it could be described as ''mildly'' polysynthetic) and requires to inflect verbs for mood, aspect, potentially modifiers (such as causative marks), tense, subject, object (which may be fully incorporated as a noun) and evidentials. | :Contrasting with Minmá's simplicity, Bartxe was intended to be pretty complex. It is agglutinative (though, maybe, it could be described as ''mildly'' polysynthetic) and requires to inflect verbs for mood, aspect, potentially modifiers (such as causative marks), tense, subject, object (which may be fully incorporated as a noun) and evidentials. | ||
:Constructed scripts: Qekhiave (or ''Ekiawø'', also Naupali's script) | :Constructed scripts: Qekhiave (or ''Ekiawø'', also Naupali's script) | ||
*'''[[Yqende]]''' | |||
:''A priori'' | |||
:Yqende is an ''a priori'' conlang with a large system of nominal classes (or genders) inspired by Bantu languages like Swahili. Yqende includes classes for humans, animals, body parts, substances or resources and places, among others. | |||
:Constructed scripts: Piumafonte (alphabetic, also Spaele's script) | |||
*'''[[Seldon]]''' | |||
:''A priori'' | |||
:Seldon is an agglutinative ''a priori'' conlang. In Seldon, verbs must always be preceded by a particles that indicates whether the verb describes an action, a transitory state or a property (''ie'' a non-transitory state). | |||
:Constructed scripts: None (Latin alphabet is used instead) | |||
*'''[[Ilbaló]]''' | |||
:''A priori'' | |||
:Ilbaló (or ''Ilbeló'') is an ''a priori'' conlang based on bi-consonantal roots which (much like Semitic tri-consonantal roots) inflect with vowel transfixes (and, occasionally, some mutations). For instance, the root H-S (fire) gives rise to ''his'' (to burn), ''yehis'' (to start burning) and ''yehisá'' (the beginning of something burning, ignition). | |||
:Constructed scripts: Bithobal (alphabetic) | |||
*'''[[Kenvei]]''' | |||
:Mostly ''a priori'', some ''a posteriori'' lexical elements | |||
:Kenvei, an agglutinative conlang, was probably the first conlang I designed with phonoaesthetics in mind: I wanted it to sound as pleasing as possible and thus it reflects my linguistic tastes at the time (resulting in something vaguely Tolkienesque, with Quenya and Sindarin as clear influences). | |||
:Constructed scripts: Sinte (alphabetic) | |||
===Other ''a posteriori'' conlangs=== | ===Other ''a posteriori'' conlangs=== | ||
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====Indoeuropean==== | ====Indoeuropean==== | ||
The following conlangs are either based on Indoeuropean languages or on Proto-Indoeuropean itself; so if they were actual languages they'd be classified as | The following conlangs are either based on Indoeuropean languages or on Proto-Indoeuropean itself; so if they were actual languages they'd be classified as Indoeduropean. This doesn't include some IE conlangs that have already been mentioned above (like the Neo-Hispanic languages). | ||
=====Romance===== | =====Romance===== | ||
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:Constructed scripts: None* (Latin alphabet is used instead) | :Constructed scripts: None* (Latin alphabet is used instead) | ||
:<nowiki>*</nowiki>''Piumafonte'', nowadays Spaele's main script, was originally constructed for Romanice but I felt that it was out of place for a Romance language. | :<nowiki>*</nowiki>''Piumafonte'', nowadays Spaele's main script, was originally constructed for Romanice but I felt that it was out of place for a Romance language. | ||
*'''[[Yanglish]] and [[Lundinian]]''' | |||
:''A posteriori'', Indoeuropean, either Romance or Germanic (most likely the former for ''Lundinian'') | |||
:Yanglish is what I'd call a ''jokelang'' (a joke language), or at least started as one. It's long been noted that English borrows about half of its lexicon from Romance sources and there have been countless 'Anglish' conlangs which try to 'clean' English from non-Germanic influences (Poul Anderson's ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncleftish_Beholding Uncleftish Beholding]'' is one exceptionally good example). ''Yanglish'', however, moves in another direction. Yanglish ''proper'' attempts to reverse English lexicon, using Germanic words where English uses words of French/Norman/Greek/Latin origin (so it could incorporate Germanic neologisms like Anderson's ''uncleft'' for atom) but also replacing English Germanic words for Latin/French-based terms (so ''king'' could be replaced by something like ''roy'', cf. French). Doublets involving Germanic and non-Germanic sources would swap their meanings (so ''pork'' would be used for living animals while its meat would be called ''pig'') and a few words are left unchanged albeit with altered etymologies ('me' would still be ''me'' but it would now be thought to derive from Latin ''me'' rather than from Old English ''mē''). Grammar is kept as close to English as possible (sometimes replacing Germanic suffixes with Romance ones: ''parol-ant'' for 'talk-ing'); so it's basically a ''relex''. | |||
:'''''Lundinian''''', although still a relex, is a bit more serious. It's basically the opposite 'Anglish' conlangs: all Germanic bits of English are replaced with Romance analogues (as it was also the case for Yanglish) whereas English non-Germanic elements are kept unchanged. So, English ''the doctor is talking'' (which could be ''the leech is talking'' in a 100% Germanic 'Anglish' conlang) would become ''le leech es parolant'' in Yanglish and ''le doctos es parolant'' in Lundinian. | |||
:Constructed scripts: None (Latin alphabet is used instead; sometimes I'd also use Futhorc runes for Yanglish) | |||
*'''[[Lindavor]]''' | |||
:''A posteriori'', Indoeuropean, Romance (or just Italic) | |||
:Lindavor would have descended from Classical Latin (rather than later Vulgar Latin), thus preserving features not found in most other Romance languages. Lindavor nouns are declined for 4 cases: nominative, accusative, genitive and dative; some of the forms are homophonous and are only disambiguated via articles. Its phonology follows the same vaguely Celtic-ish style I used in Efenol. | |||
:Constructed scripts: Alaved (alphabetic, derived from Roman hand) | |||
*'''[[Xpanii | Xpanī]]''' | |||
:''A posteriori'', Indoeuropean, Romance [Xpanii world] | |||
:Xpanī (or Xpanii) descends from Mozarabic in a world were the Spanish ''Reconquista'' had failed and most of Spain remained as a mostly Muslim state. Xpanī preserves many Mozarabic features like dative pronouns ending in -b ''mib'' (to me, also existing in historical Mozarabic), includes many borrowings from Arabic (considerably more than our world's Spanish) as well as Romani ('Gypsy') and Native American languages. | |||
:Constructed scripts: None (Arabic script is used instead; Latin and Hebrew used as minority scripts) | |||
*'''[[Ispaní Ballá]]''' | |||
:''A posteriori'', Indoeuropean, Romance [Xpanii world] | |||
:Ispaní Ballá (or Balearic Xpanī) is a divergent variety of Xpanī influenced by other Romance languages (mainly Provenço-Catalan, less differentiated in Xpanī's conworld). | |||
:Constructed scripts: None (Latin and Arabic scripts are used instead) | |||
*'''[[Llionex]]''' | |||
:''A posteriori'', Indoeuropean, Romance [Xpanii world] | |||
:Llionex is an Ibero-Romance language from the same conworld as Xpanī, spoken in the analogue to real-world Northern Spain, the only parts of Spain not under Muslim rule. The language incorporates elements of real world Ibero-Romance languages like [Old] Spanish, Leonese, Galaico-Portuguese and Asturian while also incorporating several borrowings from English and a few from Brittonic languages. | |||
:Constructed scripts: None (Latin script is used instead) | |||
=====Germanic===== | |||
*'''[[Inlush]]''' | |||
:''A posteriori'', Indoeuropean, Germanic, English-based | |||
:Inlush would descend from some ''undisclosed'' English variety (that is, it comes from English but I didn't really decide what kind of dialect it descends from; at least I can confirm it must have been a rhotic one). Its phonology involves a vowel shift (which reduces English gargantuan vowel system to just 7 vowels, with some quirks like shifting /ɪ/ to /ʌ/) as well as some consonant changes that bring some changes to morphology (word-final voiced plosives shift to fricatives, 'kid' becomes ''kud'' /kʌð/, the plural form 'kids', however, preserves the D as a voiced stop: ''kudd'' /kʌd/; this results in a new pluralization strategy where the new fricatives are 'fortited' to stops). | |||
:Constructed scripts: None (Latin alphabet is used instead) | |||
*'''[[Dongh]]''' | |||
:''A posteriori'', Indoeuropean, Germanic | |||
:Dongh is an hypothetical Old English descendant which had undergone a sound change that partially reverted Grimm's law. Thus, an Old English word like ''þu'' (singular you, 'thou') would be inherited in Dongh as ''tw'' /tuː/, akin to several non-Germanic [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Proto-Indo-European/t%C3%BAh%E2%82%82 Indoeuropean second person pronouns] | |||
:Constructed scripts: None (Latin alphabet is used instead) | |||
===Languages to be=== | ===Languages to be=== | ||