Kämpya: Difference between revisions

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Kämpya (view source)

Revision as of 03:10, 18 December 2015

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Evidentials and Mood
(Evidentials and Mood)
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The lizard bit the dog.
The lizard bit the dog.


===Ditransitive Sentences===
===Ditransitive Sentences===
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dog forest=LOC 2PS.ACC=bite
dog forest=LOC 2PS.ACC=bite


The dog will bite you in the forest.
The dog bit you in the forest.




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forest 2PS.ACC=bite=LOC dog=DAT
forest 2PS.ACC=bite=LOC dog=DAT


In the forest, the dog will bite you.
In the forest, the dog bit you.




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The forest that the lizard bit the dog in is small. (not */gáʔɾ=zù káiʔk=kà kʰwèi̤=jàuŋ pʰáˈzè̤t nóuʔp/)
The forest that the lizard bit the dog in is small. (not */gáʔɾ=zù káiʔk=kà kʰwèi̤=jàuŋ pʰáˈzè̤t nóuʔp/)


==Negation==


===Basic Pattern===
==Mood/Evidentiality==
 
While Kämpya does not mark tense or aspect, mood / evidentiality is very important (the grammar conflates the two). They are marked with a proclitic, that usually comes immediately before the verb, but can occur in many other positions.
 
 
===Negative Mood===


The basic way to negate something is to place the clitic /na/ immediately before it e.g. from the sentence
The basic way to negate something is to place the clitic /na/ immediately before it e.g. from the sentence
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===Prohibitive Forms===
===Necessitative Mood===
 
This is used to indicate that something ought to / is required to happen. It is indicated using the proclitic /let/ (from English "let's) e.g.
 
 
/ái=lét=kúʔn/
 
1PS.EXCL=NEC=depart
 
I / we (not including you) need to depart.
 
 
When attached to a 1st person inclusive pronoun, it often functions similarly to English "let's" e.g.
 
 
/wéi=lét=kúʔn/
 
1PS.INCL=NEC=depart
 
Let's depart / We (including you) need to depart
 
 
When attached to a 2nd person pronoun, it often functions like an imperative e.g.
 
 
/jéi=lét=kúʔn/
 
2PS=NEC=depart
 
Depart / You need to depart
 


Kämpya has a special pattern to say that something is forbidden. This is to change the verb from Tone Class 1 (the normal class for verbs) to Tone Class 2 (for infinitives). It is then followed by the verb /nâ̰/ e.g.
Like other mood particles, /let/ does not need to attach to a verb. It can attach to other parts of speech depending on the focus of the speaker e.g.


/jéi=áˈlòṵn nâ̰/


2PS.INTR=alone.INF PROH
/jéi=kúʔn lèt=ˈlwéʔpìd/
 
2PS=depart NEC=fast
 
You need to depart quickly (in this case, it is already assumed that the listener is departing, and the speaker wishes to emphasise that it should happen quickly).
 
 
====Prohibitive Forms====
 
Kämpya has a special pattern to say that something is forbidden. This is to use the necessitative mood, and also change the verb from Tone Class 1 (the normal class for verbs) to Tone Class 2 (for infinitives). It is then followed by the verb /nâ̰/ e.g.
 
/jéi=lét=áˈlòṵn nâ̰/
 
2PS.INTR=NEC=alone.INF PROH


Don't be alone.
Don't be alone.
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This pattern can also be used for transitive verbs
This pattern can also be used for transitive verbs


/jô̰ kàiʔk nâ̰ kʰwèi̤/
/jô̰ lét=kàiʔk nâ̰ kʰwèi̤/


2PS.ERG bite.INF PROH dog
2PS.ERG NEC=bite.INF PROH dog


Don't bite the dog.
Don't you bite the dog.




It is also perfectly possible to front the argument of /nâ̰/ e.g.
It is also perfectly possible to front the argument of /nâ̰/ e.g.


/kʰwèi̤ jô̰ kàiʔk nâ̰/
/kʰwèi̤ jô̰ lét=kàiʔk nâ̰/


dog 2PS.ERG bite.INF PROH
dog 2PS.ERG NEC=bite.INF PROH


The dog must not be bitten (by you).
The dog must not be bitten (by you).
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Other nouns can be used apart from the 2nd person pronouns e.g.
Other nouns can be used apart from the 2nd person pronouns e.g.


/ˈsíʔtà=zù kàiʔk nâ̰ kʰwèi̤/
/ˈsíʔtà=zù lét=kàiʔk nâ̰ kʰwèi̤/


guardian=ERG bite.INF PROH dog
guardian=ERG NEC=bite.INF PROH dog


The guardian must not bite the dog.
The guardian must not bite the dog.


==Interrogatives==


===Polar Questions===
===Optative Mood===


These are formed by inserting /dú/ into the same syntactic "slot" that the negation particle /ná/ would go in e.g.  
This is used for things that the speaker hopes will happen / have happened. It is formed with the proclitic /wana/ (or /wan/ before a vowel) e.g.
 
 
/ái=wáná=kúʔn/
 
1PS.EXCL.INTR=OPT=depart
 
I / we (not including you) want to depart.
 
 
/ŋí=wáná=kàiʔk kʰwèi̤/
 
2PS.ACC=OPT=bite dog
 
I want you to be bitten by a dog.
 
 
/ŋí=kàiʔk wáná=kʰwèi̤/
 
2PS.ACC bite OPT=dog
 
I want you to be bitten by a '''dog''' (and not another animal).
 
 
/ŋí=kàiʔk wáná=nòuʔp kʰwèi̤/
 
2PS.ACC bite OPT=small.REST dog
 
I want you to be bitten by a '''small''' dog (and not a big one).
 
 
===Conditional Mood===
 
This is used for situations which may not necessarily come true / have true, but are dependent on something else. It is marked with the proclitic /kau/ (or /kaw- before a vowel) e.g.
 
 
/ái=káu=kúʔn/
 
1PS.EXCL.INTR=COND=depart
 
I / we (not including you) would depart (if something else happens).
 
 
/ái=kúʔn kò=ˈlwéʔpìd/
 
1PS.EXCL.INTR depart COND=fast
 
I/ we (not including you) would depart quickly (but unless some other event happens, it will be slow)
 
 
Sentences in the conditional mood can occur after sentences with another mood. In this case, the event described in the conditional mood only happens if the preceding sentence comes true e.g.
 
 
/jéi=wáná=kúʔn áj=káw=áˈlôṵn/
 
2PS.INTR=OPT=depart COND=1PS.EXCL=alone
 
I want you to leave so I / we (not including you) can be alone.
 
 
===Hypothetical Mood===
 
The proclitic /nou/ (/now/ before a vowel) is used for hypothetical and counterfactual situations. It often corresponds to cases where English would use "if" e.g.
 
 
/jéi=nóu=kúʔn/
 
2PS.INTR=HYP=depart
 
If you depart ...
 
 
A clause in the hypothetical mood is very often followed up with a clause in the conditional mood e.g.
 
 
/jéi=nóu=kúʔn áj=káw=áˈlôṵn/
 
2PS.INTR=HYP=depart COND=1PS.EXCL=alone
 
If you leave, I / we (not including you) will be alone.
 
 
===Sensory Evidential===
 
If a speaker is reporting something that they have experienced, then no clitic is used e.g.
 
 
/kʰwèi̤ áˈlôṵn/
 
dog alone
 
The dog is alone (maybe the speaker can see it)
 
 
===Reportative Evidential===
 
If the speaker is reporting information that someone else told them, the proclitic /hi/ (/hizw/ before a vowel) is used e.g.
 
/kʰwèi̤ hízw=áˈlôṵn/
 
dog REP=alone
 
I've been told that the dog is alone.
 
 
/áˈlôṵn hí=kʰwèi̤/
 
alone REP=dog
 
I've been told that it is the dog that is alone.
 
 
===Inferential Evidential===
 
If the speaker is arriving at a judgment based on some kind of direct physical evidence, then the proclitic /ge/ is used (/ges/ before a vowel) e.g.
 
/kʰwèi̤ gés=áˈlôṵn/
 
dog INFR=alone
 
The dog must be alone (maybe the speaker sees only a single set of dog footprints)
 
 
===Assumptive Mood===
 
This is used when the speaker is making an assertion based on their experience with similar situations, or when (at least in their judgement), the situation is general knowledge. It uses the proclitic /se/ (/ses/ before a vowel) e.g.
 
/sôṵ sés=éˈmḛ̂hè/
 
sun ASS=rise
 
The sun rises (the speaker is referring to a well known fact).
 
 
Compare the above sentence to one without an evidential particle e.g.
 
 
/sôṵ éˈmḛ̂hè/
 
sun rise
 
The sun has risen (the speaker has seen it).
 
 
 
===Interrogative Mood===
 
This is used for polar questions (those expecting a yes/no answer). It is formed with the clitic /dú/ e.g.  


We can say


/ŋí=dú=káiʔk kʰwèi̤/
/ŋí=dú=káiʔk kʰwèi̤/
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You weren't abandoned by the dog.
You weren't abandoned by the dog.


===Other Questions===
 
==Wh-Questions==


These are formed by using interrogative pronouns. There is no distinction between "who" and "what" e.g.
These are formed by using interrogative pronouns. There is no distinction between "who" and "what" e.g.
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====Asking about Possessors====
===Asking about Possessors===


Kämpya has no word meaning "whose". Instead it is necessary to ask "Who has ...?", combined with a relative clause e.g.
Kämpya has no word meaning "whose". Instead it is necessary to ask "Who has ...?", combined with a relative clause e.g.
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====Other Interrogatives that modify noun phrases====
===Other Interrogatives that modify noun phrases===


To ask questions like "Which lizard did the dog bite?", attach the clitic bá- (or báj- before a vowel) to the noun being asked about e.g.
To ask questions like "Which lizard did the dog bite?", attach the clitic bá- (or báj- before a vowel) to the noun being asked about e.g.
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Which forest did the lizard bite the dog in?
Which forest did the lizard bite the dog in?


==Compounding==
==Compounding==
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