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Kämpya: Difference between revisions
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→More Complex Sentences
(Evidentials and Mood) |
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For example, from the sentence: | For example, from the sentence: | ||
/múˈhḛ̂=ɾù ˈsâ̰pè áˈlòṳn/ | /múˈhḛ̂=ɾù hí=ˈsâ̰pè áˈlòṳn/ | ||
mother=ERG know everyone | mother=ERG REP=know everyone | ||
I've heard the mother knows everyone. | |||
We can replace the object with a pronoun to get | We can replace the object with a pronoun to get | ||
/múˈhḛ̂ lán=ˈsâ̰pè/ | /múˈhḛ̂ lán=hí=ˈsâ̰pè/ | ||
mother 1PS.INCL.ACC=know | mother 1PS.INCL.ACC=REP=know | ||
I've heard the mother knows us (including you). | |||
If there is a subordinate clause, then the accusative pronoun is replaced with /nó/ e.g. | If there is a subordinate clause, then the accusative pronoun is replaced with /nó/ e.g. | ||
/múˈhḛ̂ nó=ˈsâ̰pè ˈkʰwèi̤=zù káiʔk kʰlè̤/ | /múˈhḛ̂ nó=hí=ˈsâ̰pè ˈkʰwèi̤=zù káiʔk kʰlè̤/ | ||
mother SBRD.ACC=know dog=ERG bite child | mother SBRD.ACC=REP=know dog=ERG bite child | ||
I've heard the mother knows the dog bit the child. | |||
If the superordinate clause's absolutive argument is also the topic of the subordinate clause, then it does not need to be mentioned twice e.g. | If the superordinate clause's absolutive argument is also the topic of the subordinate clause, then it does not need to be mentioned twice e.g. | ||
/múˈhḛ̂ nó=ˈsâ̰pè ˈkʰwèi̤=zù káiʔk/ | /múˈhḛ̂ nó=hí=ˈsâ̰pè ˈkʰwèi̤=zù káiʔk/ | ||
mother SBRD.ACC=know dog=ERG bite | mother SBRD.ACC=REP=know dog=ERG bite | ||
I've heard the mother knows the dog bit her. | |||
It would be redundant to say something like ?/múˈhḛ̂ nó=ˈsâ̰pè ˈkʰwèi̤=zù káiʔk mùˈhḛ̂/. | It would be redundant to say something like ?/múˈhḛ̂ nó=hí=ˈsâ̰pè ˈkʰwèi̤=zù káiʔk mùˈhḛ̂/. | ||
Another example where the subordinate clause is the topic of a transitive sentence: | Another example where the subordinate clause is the topic of a transitive sentence: | ||
/ŋá=pínjáˈpèi̤ múˈhḛ̂ ˈkʰwèi̤=zù káiʔk kʰlè̤/ | /ŋá=hí=pínjáˈpèi̤ múˈhḛ̂ ˈkʰwèi̤=zù káiʔk kʰlè̤/ | ||
SBRD.ERG=teach mother dog=ERG bite child | SBRD.ERG=REP=teach mother dog=ERG bite child | ||
Literally "that the dog bit the child taught the mother, I'm told", but perhaps a better translation would be "I've heard that the mother learned from the dog having bitten the child". | |||
Like before, if the superordinate clause's absolutive argument is also the topic of the subordinate clause, then it does not need to be mentioned twice e.g. | Like before, if the superordinate clause's absolutive argument is also the topic of the subordinate clause, then it does not need to be mentioned twice e.g. | ||
/ŋá=pínjáˈpèi̤ múˈhḛ̂ ˈkʰwèi̤=zù káiʔk/ | /ŋá=hí=pínjáˈpèi̤ múˈhḛ̂ ˈkʰwèi̤=zù káiʔk/ | ||
SBRD.ERG=teach mother dog=ERG bite | SBRD.ERG=REP=teach mother dog=ERG bite | ||
That the dog bit the mother taught her (the mother). | That the dog bit the mother taught her (the mother), I'm told. | ||
And another example using an intransitive verb (in this case, one that would be an adjective in English): | And another example using an intransitive verb (in this case, one that would be an adjective in English): | ||
/sí=ˈlwéʔpìd ˈḛ̂nèmì kúʔn tjǎ̤ŋ/ | /sí=hí=ˈlwéʔpìd ˈḛ̂nèmì kúʔn tjǎ̤ŋ/ | ||
SBRD.INTR=fast enemy depart yesterday.ADV | SBRD.INTR=fast enemy depart yesterday.ADV | ||
I hear that it was fast for the enemy to have departed yesterday (usually they apparently take more time). | |||
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mother=ERG SBRD.ACC.EMP=SEC speak child dog=ERG bite lizard | mother=ERG SBRD.ACC.EMP=SEC speak child dog=ERG bite lizard | ||
The mother told the child that the dog | The mother told the child that the dog bit the lizard. | ||
And as before, the absolutive argument of the superordinate clause can be the topic of the subordinate clause e.g. | And as before, the absolutive argument of the superordinate clause can be the topic of the subordinate clause e.g. | ||
/múˈhḛ̂=ɾù ˈnòʔ=ɾí ˈdè̤sì kʰlè̤ ít=áˈjòṳ=tí gḭ̂b kʰwèi̤/ | /múˈhḛ̂=ɾù ˈnòʔ=ɾí ˈdè̤sì kʰlè̤ ít=áˈjòṳ=tí lét=gḭ̂b kʰwèi̤/ | ||
mother=ERG SBRD.ACC.EMP=SEC speak child INDEF=bone=SEC give dog | mother=ERG SBRD.ACC.EMP=SEC speak child INDEF=bone=SEC NEC=give dog | ||
The mother told the child that he / she (the child) | The mother told the child that he / she (the child) must give the dog a bone. | ||
/múˈhḛ̂ ˈnòʔ=ɾí θú=ˈdè̤sì ˈkʰlè̤=jàuŋ ít=áˈjòṳ=tí lét=gḭ̂b kʰwèi̤/ | |||
mother SBRD.ACC.EMP=SEC ANTIP=speak child=DAT INDEF=bone=SEC NEC=give dog | |||
The mother told the child that she (the mother) must give the dog a bone. | |||
Note that the subordinate clause must be marked for evidentiality (always from the speaker's point of view). Compare the above sentence with: | |||
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mother SBRD.ACC.EMP=SEC ANTIP=speak child=DAT INDEF=bone=SEC give dog | mother SBRD.ACC.EMP=SEC ANTIP=speak child=DAT INDEF=bone=SEC give dog | ||
The mother told the child that she (the mother) | The mother told the child that she (the mother) gave the dog a bone (the speaker saw the act of giving). | ||
/múˈhḛ̂ ˈnòʔ=ɾí θú=ˈdè̤sì ˈkʰlè̤=jàuŋ ít=áˈjòṳ=tí hí=gḭ̂b kʰwèi̤/ | |||
mother SBRD.ACC.EMP=SEC ANTIP=speak child=DAT INDEF=bone=SEC REP=give dog | |||
The mother told the child that she (the mother) must give the dog a bone (the speaker didn't see the act of giving, but heard about it). | |||
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mother=ERG SBRD.ACC.EMP=SEC speak child 3PS.OBV.ERG INDEF=bone=SEC give dog | mother=ERG SBRD.ACC.EMP=SEC speak child 3PS.OBV.ERG INDEF=bone=SEC give dog | ||
The mother told the child that he / she (someone other than the child, either the mother or someone else) | The mother told the child that he / she (someone other than the child, either the mother or someone else) gave the dog a bone. | ||