Izhkut: Difference between revisions

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Izhkut (view source)

Revision as of 19:17, 10 February 2025

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| ancestor4 = Pokht-Izhkut
| ancestor4 = Pokht-Izhkut
| ancestor5 = Old Izhkut
| ancestor5 = Old Izhkut
| stand1 = Standard Izhkut
| dia1 = [[#Mainland|Mainland]] dialects<br>
** North(Ilyod) dialects
** Ubëes dialect
** South(Pokht) dialects
** Izhkrilin dialects
| dia2 = [[Colonial Izhkut|Colonial]] dialects<br>
** Bay Area dialects
*** Usergonefa dialect
*** [[Skindin]]
** Strait dialects
*** Shepsë dialect
*** Ebënzinu dialect
** Mosëoch dialect
| state = Izhkutrëa
| state = Izhkutrëa
| nation = Izhkutrëa, Ingdikh, Pokht
| nation = Izhkutrëa, Ingdikh, Pokht
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'''Izhkut'''(''jënn izhkut'', <small>Izhkut:</small> [[Help:IPA|[ˈɟɛ̂n̪ iʒkʊt]]]), also known as '''Ishcot''' is the most spoken [[Taskaric languages|Taskaric]] language in Radael, with a native speaker population of {{formatnum:126000000}} people, and it is spoken by another {{formatnum:234000}} as an L2 language, primarily by students in the nation of Ingdikh, where learning the language is a compulsory part of the curriculum. The language as a whole also operates as a ''lingua franca'' in the scientific community in Birnu, as well as in diplomacy on the continent. It is also one of the 8 official languages in the West Birnu Economic Union(WBEU).
'''Izhkut'''(''jënn izhkut'', <small>Izhkut:</small> [[Help:IPA|[ˈɟɛ̂n̪ iʒkʊt]]]), also known as '''Ishcot''' is the most spoken [[Taskaric languages|Taskaric]] language in Radael, with a native speaker population of {{formatnum:126000000}} people, and it is spoken by another {{formatnum:234000}} as an L2 language, primarily by students in the nation of Ingdikh, where learning the language is a compulsory part of the curriculum. The language as a whole also operates as a ''lingua franca'' in the scientific community in Birnu, as well as in diplomacy on the continent. It is also one of the 8 official languages in the West Birnu Economic Union(WBEU).


Despite the region of Pokht, a vassal of Izhkutrëa, having its own native sister language of Izhkut, [[Pokht]](Izhkut: ''gɛn bɔxt''), Izhkut has in recent times all but replaced Pokht due to the strict cultural assimilation policies of the Izhkut central government.
Despite the region of Pokht, a vassal of Izhkutrëa, having its own native sister language of Izhkut, [[Pokht]], Izhkut has in recent times all but replaced Pokht due to the strict cultural assimilation policies of the Izhkut central government.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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All six phonemic vowels can form valid diphthongs with their non-syllabic counterparts. Two identical vowels next to each other in a diphthong don't occur either, nor does /eɛ̯/ or /ɛɨ̯/.
All six phonemic vowels can form valid diphthongs with their non-syllabic counterparts. Two identical vowels next to each other in a diphthong don't occur either, nor does /eɛ̯/ or /ɛɨ̯/.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="2" style="background:linear-gradient(to top right,#EAECF0 49.5%,#aaa 49.5%,#aaa 50.5%,#EAECF0 50.5%);line-height:1;" | <div style="margin-left:2em;text-align:right;">final&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</div><div style="margin-right:2em;text-align:left;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;initial</div>
! a !! i !! u !! o !! e !! ɛ
! a !! i !! u !! o !! e !! ɛ
|-
|-
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| ɛa̯ || ɛɪ̯ || ɛʊ̯ || ɛɔ̯  
| ɛa̯ || ɛɪ̯ || ɛʊ̯ || ɛɔ̯  
|}
|}
Though /eɛ̯/ and /ɛɨ̯/ don't occur in any dialect, some older, primarily Pokht-derived placenames still orthographically retain these diphthongs, e.g. the city of ''Kohfëef''.{{efn|Old Izhkut pronunciation: [[Help:IPA|[ˈko̞xfɛe̯f]]]; Pokht: ''Kohfeif'' [[Help:IPA|[ˈkɔʊ̯.feɪ̯f]]]}} However, these diphthongs are replaced with i-initial or i-final dipthongs, so ''Kohfëef'' is pronounced [[Help:IPA|[ˈkoxfɛɪ̯f]]] or [[Help:IPA|[ˈkoxfeɪ̯f]]].
Though /eɛ̯/ and /ɛɨ̯/ don't occur in any dialect, some older, primarily Pokht-derived placenames still orthographically retain these diphthongs, e.g. the city of ''Kohfëef''.{{efn|Old Izhkut pronunciation: [[Help:IPA|[ˈko̞xfɛe̯f]]]; Pokht: ''Kohfeif'' [[Help:IPA|[ˈkɔʊ̯.feɪ̯f]]]}} However, these diphthongs are replaced with i-initial or i-final dipthongs, so ''Kohfëef'' is pronounced [[Help:IPA|[ˈkoxfɛɪ̯f]]] or [[Help:IPA|[ˈkoxfeɪ̯f]]], and ''Ubëes'' is pronounced [[Help:IPA|[ˈubɛɪ̯s]]].
===Prosody===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Stress====
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==Morphology==
==Morphology==
===Articles===
===Articles===
Izhkut has no indefinite articles. Definite articles are inflected on number and proceeding sound.
{| class=wikitable
! !! Consonant !! Vowel
|-
! Sing.
| ''ge'' || ''g'''
|-
! Pl.
| ''lege'' || ''leg'''
|}
===Personal pronouns===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! rowspan=3 colspan=3 | !! colspan=5 | Case
|-
! rowspan=2 | Nominative !! colspan=2 | Genitive !! rowspan=2 | Accusative !! rowspan=2 | Dative
|-
! Singular !! Plural
|-
! rowspan=3 | Singular
! colspan=2 | 1st
| ''na'' || ''nai'' || ''naid'' || ''nade'' || ''nadea''
|-
! colspan=2 | 2nd
| ''la'' || ''lai'' || ''laid'' || ''lade'' || ''ladea''
|-
! colspan=2 | 3rd
| ''sa'' || ''si'' || ''seid'' || ''sid'' || ''siud''
|-
! rowspan=5 | Plural
! rowspan=2 | 1st
! incl.
| ''ena'' || ''enai'' || rowspan=2 |  ''enaid'' || ''enna'' || ''enae''
|-
! excl.
| ''ouna'' || ''ounai'' || ''ounna'' || ''ounnai''
|-
! rowspan=2 | 2nd
! informal
| colspan=5 | <small>''See [[#T-V distinction|§ T-V distinction]].''</small>
|-
! formal
| ''ela'' || ''elai'' || ''elaid'' || ''elade'' ||  ''eladde''
|-
! colspan=2 | 3rd
| ''mena'' || ''menai'' || ''menaid'' || ''menna'' || ''mensi''
|}
Izhkut personal pronouns are inflected on case almost identically to Old Izhkut, though number inflection is dropped for all cases except the genitive.
However, modern Izhkut also departs from Pld Izhkut grammar through various forms, such as T-V distinction in plural second-person as well as  the use of [[#Pitch-accent|pitch-accent]] to differentiate nominative and accusative.
====T-V distinction====
<small>''Main article: [[Izhkut dialects#T-V distinction|Izhkut dialects § T-V distinction]]''</small><br>
Standard Izhkut employs a T-V distinction for plural second-person pronouns. Though the V is regular across most dialects and has highly regular inflection(''ela'', ''elai'', ''elaid'', etc.), the T is much more variable among dialects and its inflection is highly irregular.
==Syntax==
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===
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