4,300
edits
Izhkut: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
no edit summary
Jukethatbox (talk | contribs) No edit summary |
Jukethatbox (talk | contribs) No edit summary |
||
| Line 49: | Line 49: | ||
This table only shows the consonants in Mainland Izhkut. | This table only shows the consonants in Mainland Izhkut. | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | ||
! !! Bilabial !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Post-alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal | ! !! Bilabial !! Labiodental !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Post-alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Plosive | ! Plosive | ||
| p b || || t d || || ɟ || k g || | | p b || || colspan=2 | t d || || ɟ || k g || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Nasal | ! Nasal | ||
| m || (n̪) || n || || ɲ || (ŋ) || | | m || colspan=2 | (n̪) || n || || ɲ || (ŋ) || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Fricative | ! Fricative | ||
| || (θ) (ð) || s z || ʃ ʒ || || x || | | || f v || (θ) (ð) || s z || ʃ ʒ || || x || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Tap or Flap | ! Tap or Flap | ||
| (ɾʷ) || || ɾ || || (ɾʲ) || || | | (ɾʷ) || || || ɾ || || (ɾʲ) || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Semivowel | ! Semivowel | ||
| || || || || j || || | | || || || || || j || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Laterals | ! Laterals | ||
| || || l || || || || | | || || || l || || || || | ||
|} | |} | ||
[n̪] is an allophone of /n/, usually pronounced at the end of a word, such as in ''jën'' [ˈɟɛ̂n̪] "language, speech". [θ] and [ð] are lenited allophones of /t/ and /d/, though where this lenition actually occurs depends on dialect. The general rule is that /t/ and /d/ are lenited after an /e/ or diphthong ending in -/ɪ̯/, e.g. ''retam'' [ɾeθam] "button" or ''yeid'' [jeɪ̯ð] "legend (person)". | [n̪] is an allophone of /n/, usually pronounced at the end of a word, such as in ''jën'' [ˈɟɛ̂n̪] "language, speech". [θ] and [ð] are lenited allophones of /t/ and /d/, though where this lenition actually occurs depends on dialect. The general rule is that /t/ and /d/ are lenited after an /e/ or diphthong ending in -/ɪ̯/, e.g. ''retam'' [ɾeθam] "button" or ''yeid'' [jeɪ̯ð] "legend (person)". | ||
| Line 202: | Line 202: | ||
However, modern Izhkut also departs from Old Izhkut grammar through various forms, such as T-V distinction in plural second-person as well as the use of [[#Pitch-accent|pitch-accent]] to differentiate nominative and accusative. | However, modern Izhkut also departs from Old Izhkut grammar through various forms, such as T-V distinction in plural second-person as well as the use of [[#Pitch-accent|pitch-accent]] to differentiate nominative and accusative. | ||
====Vocative==== | ====Vocative==== | ||
In Mainland dialects, a vocative particle, ''i'', is always placed before singular second and third person pronouns. For example: | In Mainland dialects, a vocative particle, ''i'', is always placed before formal singular second and third person pronouns. For example: | ||
: ''Luën '''i''' la sëm?'' | : ''Luën '''i''' la sëm?'' | ||
: "What would you like?"(''lit.'' "Want o thou what?") | : "What would you like?"(''lit.'' "Want o thou what?") | ||
: ''Luën '''i''' sa ge luhus reosh.'' | : ''Luën '''i''' sa ge luhus reosh.'' | ||
: "He would like the chicken soup."(''lit.'' "Want o he the soup chicken.") | : "He would like the chicken soup."(''lit.'' "Want o he the soup chicken.") | ||
Traditionally, Izhkut royalty also used the particle before the singular first-person pronouns, the Izhkut equivalent to the [[w:Royal we|royal ''we'']] in English. For example, Margaret Thatcher's famous statement [[w:We have become a grandmother|"We have become a grandmother"]] phrase would be: | |||
: ''Zre u '''i na''' mizhmalla.'' | |||
====T-V distinction==== | ====T-V distinction==== | ||
<small>''Main article: [[Izhkut dialects#T-V distinction|Izhkut dialects § T-V distinction]]''</small><br> | <small>''Main article: [[Izhkut dialects#T-V distinction|Izhkut dialects § T-V distinction]]''</small><br> | ||
| Line 230: | Line 232: | ||
====Mood==== | ====Mood==== | ||
====Passive/active voice==== | ====Passive/active voice==== | ||
In | In Mainland Izhkut dialects, the active voice remains uninflected whereas the passive voice is indicated by a proceeding ''zre'' particle. However, in Colonial dialects, this dichotomy is swapped around; passive voice is uninflected, while active voice is indicated by a proceeding ''zre''. For example, in Mainland dialects: | ||
: ''Drapuk g'ivi.'' | |||
: "The man '''eats'''." | |||
"The man ''is being eaten''" would be: | |||
: '''''Zre''' drapuk g'ivi.'' | |||
However, in Colonial dialects, the former sentence would mean "The man ''is being eaten''" and the latter sentence would mean "The man ''eats''". The only exception to this "swapped dichotomic" rule is with the [[#Copula|copula]], where the use of ''zre'' matches its Mainland use(''u'': "is", ''zre u'': "become"). | |||
====Aspect==== | ====Aspect==== | ||
Dichotomic aspect(perfective/imperfective) is optional, but can be shown(and is commonly done so in Colonial dialects) by one of two particles: | Dichotomic aspect(perfective/imperfective) is optional, but can be shown(and is commonly done so in Colonial dialects) by one of two particles: | ||