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Izhkut: Difference between revisions
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====Stress==== | ====Stress==== | ||
Stress in Izhkut is generally prototonic. | Stress in Izhkut is generally prototonic. | ||
====Pitch-accent==== | ====Pitch-accent==== | ||
Izhkut incorporates a two-tone pitch-accent system very similar to [[w:Swedish phonology#Pitch accents|Swedish]]. The two tones, often called contour I(falling tone) and II(mid/no tone), vary between dialects, though their placements are the same. | Izhkut incorporates a two-tone pitch-accent system very similar to [[w:Swedish phonology#Pitch accents|Swedish]]. The two tones, often called contour I(falling tone) and II(mid/no tone), vary between dialects, though their placements are the same. | ||
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|} | |} | ||
Contour I is usually orthographically indicated by the doubling of the proceeding letter, with contour II left unindicated. | Contour I is usually orthographically indicated by the doubling of the proceeding letter, with contour II left unindicated. | ||
===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
Izhkut syllables follow the rule of '''(C)(r)V₁(V₂)''', where '''C''' represents any consonant apart from the flap, '''r''' represents the flap, '''V₁''' represents any vowel, and '''V₂''' represents any vowel that isn't identical to V₁. | |||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
===Articles=== | ===Articles=== | ||
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: "He would like the chicken soup."(''lit.'' "Want o he the soup chicken.") | : "He would like the chicken soup."(''lit.'' "Want o he the soup chicken.") | ||
Traditionally, Izhkut royalty also used the particle before the singular first-person pronouns, the Izhkut equivalent to the [[w:Royal we|royal ''we'']] in English. For example, Margaret Thatcher's famous [[w:We have become a grandmother|"We have become a grandmother"]] phrase would be: | Traditionally, Izhkut royalty also used the particle before the singular first-person pronouns, the Izhkut equivalent to the [[w:Royal we|royal ''we'']] in English. For example, Margaret Thatcher's famous [[w:We have become a grandmother|"We have become a grandmother"]] phrase would be: | ||
: ''Zre | : ''Zre delun a '''i na''' mizhmalla.'' | ||
====T-V distinction==== | ====T-V distinction==== | ||
Standard Izhkut employs a T-V distinction for singular second-person pronouns. Though the V is regular across most dialects and has highly regular inflection(''la'', ''lai'', ''laid'', etc.), the T is much more variable among dialects and its inflection is highly irregular. However, some common dialectal examples include: | Standard Izhkut employs a T-V distinction for singular second-person pronouns. Though the V is regular across most dialects and has highly regular inflection(''la'', ''lai'', ''laid'', etc.), the T is much more variable among dialects and its inflection is highly irregular. However, some common dialectal examples include: | ||
* Mainland dialects: usually ''lu'', ''lun'', ''lai'' or no distinction{{efn|name=!distinction|"no distinction" here means that there is no T-V distinction occurring, and the V, ''la'', is used in all cases.}} | * Mainland dialects: usually ''lu'', ''lun'', ''lai'' or no distinction{{efn|name=!distinction|"no distinction" here means that there is no T-V distinction occurring, and the V, ''la'', is used in all cases.}} | ||
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*** Ebënzinu: ''uol'', ''sa'', ''ha''(''h'' not pronounced) | *** Ebënzinu: ''uol'', ''sa'', ''ha''(''h'' not pronounced) | ||
* Mosëoch: no distinction{{efn|name=!distinction}} | * Mosëoch: no distinction{{efn|name=!distinction}} | ||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
Like most Taskaric languages, Izhkut syntax is mostly isolating, with grammatical mood and tense shown by preceding and proceeding particles. | Like most Taskaric languages, Izhkut syntax is mostly isolating, with grammatical mood and tense shown by preceding and proceeding particles. | ||
===Constituent order=== | ===Constituent order=== | ||
Izhkut, like most Taskaric languages, uses a VSO(verb-subject-object) and noun-adjective constituent order. | Izhkut, like most Taskaric languages, uses a VSO(verb-subject-object) and noun-adjective constituent order. | ||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
====Mood==== | ====Mood==== | ||
=====Imperative===== | |||
The imperative mood in Izhkut is highly regular: the particle ''ma'' is placed before the verb, as so: | |||
: '''''Ma''' yush leg'abarm.'' | |||
: "Shut the windows." | |||
While ''m'u''(pronounced [mu]) is used when the proceeding vowel is a copula, as in: | |||
: '''''M'u''' lan!'' | |||
: "Be good!" | |||
The negative imperative mood is, in contrast, heavily irregular and dependent on dialect; see [[#Negative imperative|§ Negative imperative]]. | |||
====Passive/active voice==== | ====Passive/active voice==== | ||
In Mainland Izhkut dialects, the active voice remains uninflected whereas the passive voice is indicated by a proceeding ''zre'' particle. However, in Colonial dialects, this dichotomy is swapped around; passive voice is uninflected, while active voice is indicated by a proceeding ''zre''. For example, in Mainland dialects: | In Mainland Izhkut dialects, the active voice remains uninflected whereas the passive voice is indicated by a proceeding ''zre'' particle. However, in Colonial dialects, this dichotomy is swapped around; passive voice is uninflected, while active voice is indicated by a proceeding ''zre''. For example, in Mainland dialects: | ||
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"The man ''is being eaten''" would be: | "The man ''is being eaten''" would be: | ||
: '''''Zre''' drapuk g'ivi.'' | : '''''Zre''' drapuk g'ivi.'' | ||
However, in Colonial dialects, the former sentence would mean "The man ''is being eaten''" and the latter sentence would mean "The man ''eats''". The only exception to this "swapped dichotomic" rule is with the [[#Copula|copula]], where the use of ''zre'' matches its Mainland use(''u'': "is", ''zre u'': " | However, in Colonial dialects, the former sentence would mean "The man ''is being eaten''" and the latter sentence would mean "The man ''eats''". The only exception to this "swapped dichotomic" rule is with the [[#Copula|copula]], where the use of ''zre'' matches its Mainland use(''u'': "is", ''zre u'': "is being [verb]ed"). | ||
====Aspect==== | ====Aspect==== | ||
Dichotomic aspect(perfective/imperfective) is optional, but can be shown(and is commonly done so in Colonial dialects) by one of two particles: | Dichotomic aspect(perfective/imperfective) is optional, but can be shown(and is commonly done so in Colonial dialects) by one of two particles: | ||
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* verb ''oë'' - future | * verb ''oë'' - future | ||
* verb ''oëhe'' - far future(rarely used) | * verb ''oëhe'' - far future(rarely used) | ||
===Negation=== | |||
The Izhkut equivalent of "no" is ''mera'' in Mainland dialects. In Colonial dialects, the negative pronoun/determiner ''hem'' is used in place of ''mera''. | |||
====''Hem''==== | |||
The Izhkut negative pronoun, ''hem'', has many uses. When placed before the copula, it means "There is no (more)". | |||
: '''''Hem''' u griu.'' - "There is no (more) juice." | |||
It is also composes part of many other negative pronouns: | |||
* ''hemiu'' - nobody, no one | |||
* ''hemdë'' - nothing | |||
* ''hemloa'' - nowhere | |||
* ''hemzin''(Colonial eye dialect ''hemzhin'') - never | |||
Finally, ''hem'' acts as a negative determiner, as in: | |||
: ''Lam na '''hem''' zai.'' | |||
: "I have '''no''' money." | |||
====Negative imperative==== | |||
===Word derivation=== | |||
====Adjective form==== | |||
Nouns can be converted to adjectives by adding the suffix ''-re''(''-ar'' in Colonial dialects), as in ''gilab'' "sand" > ''gilabre''/''gilabar'' "sandy". | |||
==Dialects== | ==Dialects== | ||
===Mainland=== | ===Mainland=== | ||