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| altname = Ishcot | | altname = Ishcot | ||
| nativename = jënn izhkut | | nativename = jënn izhkut | ||
| pronunciation = ˈɟɛ̂n̪ | | pronunciation = ˈɟɛ̂n̪ iʒkut | ||
| created = 2022 | | created = 2022 | ||
| creator = User:Jukethatbox | | creator = User:Jukethatbox | ||
| Line 40: | Line 40: | ||
| notice = ipa | | notice = ipa | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Izhkut'''(''jënn izhkut'', <small>Izhkut:</small> [[Help:IPA|[ˈɟɛ̂n̪ | '''Izhkut'''(''jënn izhkut'', <small>Izhkut:</small> [[Help:IPA|[ˈɟɛ̂n̪ iʒkut]]]), also known as '''Ishcot''' is the most spoken [[Taskaric languages|Taskaric]] language in Radael, with a native speaker population of {{formatnum:126000000}} people, and it is spoken by another {{formatnum:234000}} as an L2 language, primarily by students in the nation of Ingdikh, where learning the language is a compulsory part of the curriculum. The language as a whole also operates as a ''lingua franca'' in the scientific community in Birnu, as well as in diplomacy on the continent. It is also one of the 8 official languages in the West Birnu Economic Union(WBEU). | ||
Modern Izhkut is divided into two main dialect groups: [[#Mainland|Mainland]] and [[Colonial Izhkut|Colonial]]. Mainland dialects are spoken in Izhkutrëa proper, and historically were the basis of Standard Izhkut, though modern Mainland dialects have mostly diverged from the Standard to varying degrees(even the least divergent dialects, such as those of Ubëes, have incorporated many slang words that are not recognised in Standard Izhkut). Colonial dialects are a diverse dialect continuum primarily spoken in the Izhkut Colonies(Standard Izhkut: ''Misogra | Modern Izhkut is divided into two main dialect groups: [[#Mainland|Mainland]] and [[Colonial Izhkut|Colonial]]. Mainland dialects are spoken in Izhkutrëa proper, and historically were the basis of Standard Izhkut, though modern Mainland dialects have mostly diverged from the Standard to varying degrees(even the least divergent dialects, such as those of Ubëes, have incorporated many slang words that are not recognised in Standard Izhkut). Colonial dialects are a diverse dialect continuum primarily spoken in the Izhkut Colonies(Standard Izhkut: ''Misogra''; Colonial Izhkut: ''Uesi''), characterised by a phonology and grammar distinct from Standard or Mainland Izhkut, as well as a vocabulary heavily influenced by languages indigenous to the Colonies and also great internal diversity; Colonial dialects themselves are generally divided into Bay Area(in and around the Gibios Bay) and Strait(around the Chepsëh strait) dialect continua that have their own distinct vocabulary and slang, if similar phonology and grammar. | ||
Izhkut has a historical tendency of absorbing and often eventually replacing geographically nearby languages, a process called Izhkutifisation(Izhkut: ''Izhkutyomin''), due to its importance Birnu-wide. Historically, the victims of this process have often been closely philologically related to Izhkut itself; notable victims that are now extinct include the [[Ilyod]] language, the [[Izhkrilin]] language(of which little is attested), and the Yingid languages. Notable languages that are currently in the process of being Izhkutifised, but are still (however barely) extant, include [[Pokht]] and [[Iskvish]]. Other languages have been described as entering the Izhkutifisation process at some point, but have since left it; most notably [[Ingdikh]], a language wholly unrelated from Izhkut spoken in the republic of the same name, was at one point almost entirely relegated to vernacular use in Izhkut-dominated Ingdikh society before rebounding after the Hlisgit Revolution and its official endorsement as the sole official language of the revolutionary Republic of Ingdikh. | |||
More recently, concerns have been raised over the possible Izhkutifisation of the many languages spoken in Minūrun; this has been mostly attributed to Izhkut neo-colonialism and Izhkutrëa's almost total control over Minūrese trade, as well as more generally increasing globalisation in Birnu leading to Izhkut's wider use as a [[w:Lingua franca|lingua franca]]. | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
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Contour I is usually orthographically indicated by the doubling of the proceeding letter, with contour II left unindicated. | Contour I is usually orthographically indicated by the doubling of the proceeding letter, with contour II left unindicated. | ||
===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
Izhkut syllables follow the rule of '''(C)(r)V₁(V₂)''', where '''C''' represents any consonant apart from the flap, '''r''' represents the flap, '''V₁''' represents any vowel, and '''V₂''' represents any vowel that isn't identical to V₁. | Izhkut syllables follow the rule of '''(C)(r)V₁(V₂)(C)''', where '''C''' represents any consonant apart from the flap, '''r''' represents the flap, '''V₁''' represents any vowel, and '''V₂''' represents any vowel that isn't identical to V₁. | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
===Articles=== | ===Articles=== | ||
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*** Ebënzinu: ''uol'', ''sa'', ''ha''(''h'' not pronounced) | *** Ebënzinu: ''uol'', ''sa'', ''ha''(''h'' not pronounced) | ||
* Mosëoch: no distinction{{efn|name=!distinction}} | * Mosëoch: no distinction{{efn|name=!distinction}} | ||
===Demonstrative pronouns=== | |||
Izhkut demonstrative pronouns are inflected on distance(proximal, distal), grammatical number(singular/plural and case(nominative/accusative). The nominative forms also act as demonstrative determiners. | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | |||
! rowspan=2 | !! colspan=2 | Proximal !! colspan=2 | Distal | |||
|- | |||
! nom. !! acc. !! nom. !! acc. | |||
|- | |||
! Singular | |||
| ''ni'' || ''nir'' || ''nea'' || ''neid'' | |||
|- | |||
! Plural | |||
| ''ri'' || ''rin'' || ''dri'' || ''drid'' | |||
|} | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
Like most Taskaric languages, Izhkut syntax is mostly isolating, with grammatical mood and tense shown by preceding and proceeding particles. | Like most Taskaric languages, Izhkut syntax is mostly isolating, with grammatical mood and tense shown by preceding and proceeding particles. | ||
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The Izhkut equivalent of "no" is ''mera'' in Mainland dialects. In Colonial dialects, the negative pronoun/determiner ''hem'' is used in place of ''mera''. | The Izhkut equivalent of "no" is ''mera'' in Mainland dialects. In Colonial dialects, the negative pronoun/determiner ''hem'' is used in place of ''mera''. | ||
====''Hem''==== | ====''Hem''==== | ||
The Izhkut | The Izhkut negator, ''hem'', has many uses. When placed before the copula, it means "There is no (more)". | ||
: '''''Hem''' u griu.'' - "There is no (more) juice." | : '''''Hem''' u griu.'' - "There is no (more) juice." | ||
It is also composes part of many other negative pronouns: | It is also composes part of many other negative pronouns: | ||
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* ''hemloa'' - nowhere | * ''hemloa'' - nowhere | ||
* ''hemzin''(Colonial eye dialect ''hemzhin'') - never | * ''hemzin''(Colonial eye dialect ''hemzhin'') - never | ||
''Hem'' also acts as a negator: | |||
: ''Yutleg'iu– '''hem''' la, mizan...'' | |||
: "Some people– not you, of course..." | |||
And also as the negative interjection in Colonial dialects: | |||
: '''''Hem''', jalak m'ra drid.'' | |||
: "No, don't touch that." | |||
Finally, ''hem'' acts as a negative determiner, as in: | Finally, ''hem'' acts as a negative determiner, as in: | ||
: ''Lam na '''hem''' | : ''Lam na '''hem''' zaj.'' | ||
: "I have '''no''' money." | : "I have '''no''' money." | ||
====Negative imperative==== | ====Negative imperative==== | ||
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: ''Drapuk '''mera''' yosh.'' / ''Drapuk '''m'ra''' yosh.'' | : ''Drapuk '''mera''' yosh.'' / ''Drapuk '''m'ra''' yosh.'' | ||
: "Don't eat pork."(''lit.'' "Eat not pork.") | : "Don't eat pork."(''lit.'' "Eat not pork.") | ||
In Strait dialects, | In Strait dialects, the particle ''hea'' is used in the same way as ''h'ma''.{{efn|It has been theorised that ''hea'' is derived in the same way as ''h'ma''; via a conjunction of ''hem'' and ''ma''. The difference being, of course, that Mainland dialects preserved the nasal and deleted the vowel, whereas the opposite happened in Strait dialects, leading to the dichotomy.}} | ||
===Word derivation=== | ===Word derivation=== | ||
====Adjective form==== | ====Adjective form==== | ||
Nouns can be converted to adjectives by adding the suffix ''-re''(''-ar'' in Colonial dialects), as in ''gilab'' "sand" > ''gilabre''/''gilabar'' "sandy". | Nouns can be converted to adjectives by adding the suffix ''-re''(''-ar'' in Colonial dialects), as in ''gilab'' "sand" > ''gilabre''/''gilabar'' "sandy". However, this process cannot be applied on placenames in Mainland dialects. | ||
==Dialects== | ==Dialects== | ||
===Mainland=== | ===Mainland=== | ||
The '''Mainland dialects'''(Izhkut: ''yojjun Brigashed'' [[Help:IPA|[ˈjôɟun̪ bɾʲiˈgaʃeð]]]) refer to the dialects of Izhkut that are spoken in Izhkutrëa proper(''Brigashed''). It is generally split into three sub-dialect groups: the North dialects, South dialects and Izhkrilin dialects. | |||
====North dialects==== | |||
The '''North dialects'''(Izhkut: ''yojjun oshulre''), also called the '''Ilyod dialects'''(''yojjun Ilyod'') are dialects spoken in the north of ''Brigashed''. Their alternate name "Ilyod dialects" refers to the influence that the now extinct [[Ilyod|Ilyod language]](historically widely spoken in the areas where the North dialects are now prevalent) had on the phonology of the North dialects; most notably, the merging of /o/ into /u/, the lenition of /t d/ to /θ, ð/ in all places(this lenition also occurs in other dialects of Izhkut, though only allophonically of /t d/) and the lenition of the /lj/ cluster to just /j/. More recently, some features of [[Colonial Izhkut]] have seeped into the North dialects, more specifically the affricatisation of /ɟ/ to /d͡ʑ~d͡ʒ/. | |||
===Colonial=== | ===Colonial=== | ||
{{main|Colonial Izhkut}} | {{main|Colonial Izhkut}} | ||