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| speakers = {{formatnum:126000000}} | | speakers = {{formatnum:126000000}} | ||
| speakers2 = {{formatnum:234000}}(L2) | | speakers2 = {{formatnum:234000}}(L2) | ||
| ethnicity = Izhkut | | ethnicity = Izhkut people | ||
| date = 256 BH | | date = 256 BH | ||
| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan | | familycolor = Sino-Tibetan | ||
| Line 29: | Line 29: | ||
** Bay Area dialects | ** Bay Area dialects | ||
*** Usergonefa dialect | *** Usergonefa dialect | ||
*** → [[ | *** → [[Bay Islands Creole]] | ||
** Strait dialects | ** Strait dialects | ||
*** Shepsë dialect | *** Shepsë dialect | ||
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** Mosëoch dialect | ** Mosëoch dialect | ||
| state = Izhkutrëa | | state = Izhkutrëa | ||
| nation = Izhkutrëa, | | agency = Institute of the Izhkut Language<br>(''Sraunyu Jënn Izhkut'') | ||
| minority = | | nation = Izhkutrëa, Minūrun Pokht, Ilyod | ||
| minority = Ingdikh | |||
| notice = ipa | | notice = ipa | ||
}} | }} | ||
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Modern Izhkut is divided into two main dialect groups: [[#Mainland|Mainland]] and [[Colonial Izhkut|Colonial]]. Mainland dialects are spoken in Izhkutrëa proper, and historically were the basis of Standard Izhkut, though modern Mainland dialects have mostly diverged from the Standard to varying degrees(even the least divergent dialects, such as those of Ubëes, have incorporated many slang words that are not recognised in Standard Izhkut). Colonial dialects are a diverse dialect continuum primarily spoken in the Izhkut Colonies(Standard Izhkut: ''Misogra''; Colonial Izhkut: ''Uesi''), characterised by a phonology and grammar distinct from Standard or Mainland Izhkut, as well as a vocabulary heavily influenced by languages indigenous to the Colonies and also great internal diversity; Colonial dialects themselves are generally divided into Bay Area(in and around the Gibios Bay) and Strait(around the Chepsëh strait) dialect continua that have their own distinct vocabulary and slang, if similar phonology and grammar. | Modern Izhkut is divided into two main dialect groups: [[#Mainland|Mainland]] and [[Colonial Izhkut|Colonial]]. Mainland dialects are spoken in Izhkutrëa proper, and historically were the basis of Standard Izhkut, though modern Mainland dialects have mostly diverged from the Standard to varying degrees(even the least divergent dialects, such as those of Ubëes, have incorporated many slang words that are not recognised in Standard Izhkut). Colonial dialects are a diverse dialect continuum primarily spoken in the Izhkut Colonies(Standard Izhkut: ''Misogra''; Colonial Izhkut: ''Uesi''), characterised by a phonology and grammar distinct from Standard or Mainland Izhkut, as well as a vocabulary heavily influenced by languages indigenous to the Colonies and also great internal diversity; Colonial dialects themselves are generally divided into Bay Area(in and around the Gibios Bay) and Strait(around the Chepsëh strait) dialect continua that have their own distinct vocabulary and slang, if similar phonology and grammar. | ||
Izhkut has a historical tendency of absorbing and often eventually replacing geographically nearby languages, a process called Izhkutifisation(Izhkut: ''Izhkutyomin''), due to its importance Birnu-wide. Historically, the victims of this process have often been closely philologically related to Izhkut itself; notable victims that are now extinct include the [[Ilyod]] language, the [[Izhkrilin]] language(of which little is attested), and the Yingid languages. Notable languages that are currently in the process of being Izhkutifised, but are still (however barely) extant, include [[Pokht]] and [[ | Izhkut has a historical tendency of absorbing and often eventually replacing geographically nearby languages, a process called Izhkutifisation(Izhkut: ''Izhkutyomin''), due to its importance Birnu-wide. Historically, the victims of this process have often been closely philologically related to Izhkut itself; notable victims that are now extinct include the [[Ilyod]] language, the [[Izhkrilin]] language(of which little is attested), and the Yingid languages. Notable languages that are currently in the process of being Izhkutifised, but are still (however barely) extant, include [[Pokht]], [[Iskvish]] and to an extent [[Bay Islands Creole]]. Other languages have been described as entering the Izhkutifisation process at some point, but have since left it; most notably [[Ingdikh]], a language wholly unrelated from Izhkut spoken in the republic of the same name, was at one point almost entirely relegated to vernacular use in Izhkut-dominated Ingdikh society before rebounding after the Hlisgit Revolution and its official endorsement as the sole official language of the revolutionary Republic of Ingdikh. | ||
More recently, concerns have been raised over the possible Izhkutifisation of the many languages spoken in Minūrun; this has been mostly attributed to Izhkut neo-colonialism and Izhkutrëa's almost total control over Minūrese trade, as well as more generally increasing globalisation in Birnu leading to Izhkut's wider use as a [[w:Lingua franca|lingua franca]]. | More recently, concerns have been raised over the possible Izhkutifisation of the many languages spoken in Minūrun; this has been mostly attributed to Izhkut neo-colonialism and Izhkutrëa's almost total control over Minūrese trade, as well as more generally increasing globalisation in Birnu leading to Izhkut's wider use as a [[w:Lingua franca|lingua franca]]. | ||
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===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
====Mood==== | ====Mood==== | ||
=====Infinitive===== | |||
Infinite verbs are marked by the proceeding particle ''ana''. | |||
=====Imperative===== | =====Imperative===== | ||
The imperative mood in Izhkut is highly regular: the particle ''ma'' is placed before the verb, as so: | The imperative mood in Izhkut is highly regular: the particle ''ma'' is placed before the verb, as so: | ||
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==Dialects== | ==Dialects== | ||
===Mainland=== | ===Mainland=== | ||
The '''Mainland dialects'''(Izhkut: ''yojjun Brigashed'' [[Help:IPA|[ˈjôɟun̪ bɾʲiˈgaʃeð]]]) refer to the dialects of Izhkut that are spoken in Izhkutrëa proper | The '''Mainland dialects'''(Izhkut: ''yojjun Brigashed'' [[Help:IPA|[ˈjôɟun̪ bɾʲiˈgaʃeð]]]) refer to the dialects of Izhkut that are spoken in Izhkutrëa proper. It is generally split into three sub-dialect groups: the North dialects, South dialects and Izhkrilin dialects. | ||
====North dialects==== | ====North dialects==== | ||
The '''North dialects'''(Izhkut: ''yojjun oshulre''), also called the '''Ilyod dialects'''(''yojjun Ilyod'') are dialects spoken in the north of | The '''North dialects''' or '''Northern dialects'''(Izhkut: ''yojjun oshulre''), also called the '''Ilyod dialects'''(''yojjun Ilyod'') are dialects spoken in the north of the Mainland. Their alternate name of the "Ilyod dialects" refer to the influence that the now extinct [[Ilyod|Ilyod language]](historically widely spoken in the areas where the North dialects are now prevalent) had on the phonology of the North dialects; most notably, the merging of /o/ into /u/, the lenition of /t d/ to /θ ð/ in all places(called "T-D lenition", this lenition also occurs in other dialects of Izhkut, though only allophonically of /t d/) and the lenition of the /lj/ cluster to just /j/. More recently, some features of [[Colonial Izhkut]] have seeped into the North dialects, more specifically the affricatisation of /ɟ/ to /d͡ʑ~d͡ʒ/. | ||
====South dialects==== | |||
The ''South dialects''' or '''Southern dialects'''(Izhkut: ''yojjun meshelre''), also called the '''Pokht dialects'''(''yojjun Pokht'') are dialects spoken in the south of the Mainland. Their alternate name of the "Pokht dialects" refer to the influence of the [[Pokht|Pokht language]], which was historically, and to a much lesser extent still is, spoken natively in the Pokht region and the wider southern Mainland. Typical features of the South dialects include a lack of T-D lenition altogether, the use of ''a'' or ''ai'' as informal singular second person pronouns, and very occasionally, the raising of /o/ to /ɔ/, though this is most common in bilingual speakers of Pokht and Izhkut. | |||
The South dialects, and by proxy the Pokht language as well, are notable in that they are generally considered the basis of early forms of the Colonial dialects; including O-raising and in Strait dialects specifically, lack of T-D lenition; the lack of T-D lenition also influenced [[Bay Islands Creole#Phonology|Bay Islands Creole phonology]]. | |||
===Colonial=== | ===Colonial=== | ||
{{main|Colonial Izhkut}} | {{main|Colonial Izhkut}} | ||
==Example texts== | ==Example texts== | ||
===UDHR Article 1=== | |||
In Izhkut: | |||
: "''Yalos udleg'iu taplia io hegrij uos khrugid io pliedu. Zre goshmis menna uë diusra io vobbis io blaid ana narro mensi uos proinid teyea.''" | |||
: [[Help:IPA|[ˈjalos udleg͜ iʊ̯ taplia̯ iɔ̯ ˈhegɾʲiɟ ˈuɔs xˈɾʷugið iɔ̯ ˈpliɨ̯ðu ‖ zɾe ˈgoʃmis mêna uɛ̯ ðiʊ̯sɾa iɔ̯ vôbis iɔ̯ blaɪ̯ð ana nâɾo menˈsi uɔ̯s ˈpɾoɪ̯nið teˈjea̯ ‖]]] | |||
In English: | |||
: "''All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''" | |||
==Other resources== | ==Other resources== | ||
<references group="lower-alpha"/> | <references group="lower-alpha"/> | ||