Kämpya: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search

Kämpya (view source)

Revision as of 07:37, 2 February 2016

1,654 bytes removed ,  2 February 2016
→‎Verb Subordination
(Evidentials for Reported Speech)
Line 1,734: Line 1,734:
==Verb Subordination==
==Verb Subordination==


===Basic Infinitives===
The subordinate clause is always placed at the end of the sentence. The superordinate verb takes a pronominal prefix to mark whether the subordinate verb is the accusative, ergative or intransitive argument of the verb:
 
This construction is used when the subject of both verbs is the same.
 
The infinitives are placed in Tone Class 2. Unlike English, they precede the finite verb e.g. from the sentence:
 
/ˈḛ̂nèmì kúʔn/
 
enemy depart
 
The enemy is departing.
 
 
We can add verbs such as /pʰḭ̂nì/ - "to finish", or /ˈwóʔnà/ - "to want",to say things like:
 
/ˈḛ̂nèmì kùʔn ˈpʰḭ̂nì/
 
enemy depart.INF finish
 
The enemy has finished departing.
 
 
However, if the finite verb is normally transitive (e.g. /ˈwóʔnà/ - "want"), when it attaches to an infinitive being used intransitively, the whole construction takes the antipassive clitic /θú/ before it:
/ˈḛ̂nèmì θú=kùʔn ˈwóʔnà/
 
enemy ANTIP=depart.INF want
 
The enemy wants to depart.
 
 
However, if a finite verb such as /ˈwóʔnà/ attaches to to an infinitive being used transitively, then it does not need to take the antipassive e.g.
 
/kʰwèi̤=zù kàiʔk ˈwóʔnà ˈḛ̂nèmì/
 
dog=ERG bite.INF want enemy
 
A dog wants to bite the enemy.
 
 
Like with normal verbs, object pronouns also change the transitivity of the sentence e.g.
 
/kʰwèi̤ ŋí=kàiʔk ˈwóʔnà/
 
dog 2PS.ACC=bite.INF want
 
A dog wants to bite you.
 
 
Notice how the tones of /kúʔn/ - "to depart" and /káiʔk/ - "to bite" have changed to /kùʔn/, and /kàiʔk/. This is since when they become infinitive they takes Tone Class 2. A similar thing can happen with /pʰḭ̂nì/ - "to finish" e.g.
 
/ˈḛ̂nèmì θú=kùʔn ˈpʰḭ̰̀ní ˈwóʔnà/
 
enemy ANTIP.depart.INF finish.INF want
 
The enemy wants to finish departing.
 
 
===More Complex Sentences===
 
In this case, the subordinate clause is always placed at the end of the sentence. The superordinate verb takes a pronouns to mark whether the subordinate verb is the accusative, ergative or intransitive argument of the verb:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
Line 1,955: Line 1,895:


The child told me the enemy departed (but I didn't see it, I just heard about it).
The child told me the enemy departed (but I didn't see it, I just heard about it).


==Comparative Constructions==
==Comparative Constructions==
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/45259"

Navigation menu