Haššûl: Difference between revisions

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Haššûl (view source)

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→‎Pronouns
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====Pronouns====
====Pronouns====


Pronouns form two groups: "free" pronouns, which can be marked for case, and genitive pronouns, which are a supletive paradigm, etymologically related to the root *wēr, " to belong".
Pronouns form two groups: "free" pronouns, which can be marked for case, and genitive pronouns, which are a supletive paradigm, etymologically related to the root ''*wēr'', " to belong".


There are three forms for each pronoun: a long form, a short form and an enclitic form (prefixed). The long form is used when in standalone situations, were the pronoun is the sole representation of the argument in question. The short and enclitic forms look largely alike in isolation, but the enclitic forms are subject to sandhi phenomena the short forms are not, and the short forms elicitate circumstantial mutations the enclitic forms do not trigger. The phonemes enclosed in square brackets in the tables below show which kind of underlying influence the prefixes carry on their boundaries.
There are three forms for each pronoun: a long form, a short form and an enclitic form (prefixed). The long form is used when in standalone situations, were the pronoun is the sole representation of the argument in question. The short and enclitic forms look largely alike in isolation, but the enclitic forms are subject to sandhi phenomena the short forms are not, and the short forms elicit circumstantial mutations the enclitic forms do not trigger. The phonemes enclosed in square brackets in the tables below show which kind of underlying influence the prefixes carry on their boundaries.


Paucal forms are reportedly derived from the plural forms, which in turn seem to be related to the singular forms. The exclusive prefix is t=, etymologically related to the root *tə, "without".
Paucal forms are reportedly derived from the plural forms, which in turn seem to be related to the singular forms. The exclusive prefix is ''t='', etymologically related to the root ''*tə'', "without".


Whenever a genitive pronoun in its long form is used in a clause, case marking is dropped from the arguments and the roles are marked by their syntactic relation with the pronoun (e.g. possessed-gen-possessor; see Possession below).
Whenever a genitive pronoun in its long form is used in a clause, case marking is dropped from the arguments and the roles are marked by their syntactic relation with the pronoun (e.g. possessed-gen-possessor; see ''Possession'' below).


- Free pronouns:
- Free pronouns:


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
:{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
|-
! rowspan=2| || colspan=3|SINGULAR || colspan=3|PAUCAL || colspan=3|PLURAL
! rowspan=2| || colspan=3|SINGULAR || colspan=3|PAUCAL || colspan=3|PLURAL
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! Long || Short || Enclitic || Long || Short || Enclitic || Long || Short || Enclitic
! Long || Short || Enclitic || Long || Short || Enclitic || Long || Short || Enclitic
|-
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|'''1.INCL''' || umâl || uma- || wâ[N]- || numîli || nul(i)- || nîl[D]- || numêš || nume- || nêm-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|'''{{sc|1.incl}}''' || umâl || uma- || wâ[N]- || numîli || nul(i)- || nîl[D]- || numêš || nume- || nêm-
|-
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|'''1.EXCL'''  || colspan=3; style="background:darkgray"| || t=numîli > dumîli || dul(i)- || dîl[D]- || t=numêš > dumêš || dume- || dêm-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|'''{{sc|1.excl}}'''  || colspan=3; style="background:darkgray"| || ''t=numîli'' > dumîli || dul(i)- || dîl[D]- || ''t=numêš'' > dumêš || dume- || dêm-
|-
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|'''2''' || ozûr || ozu- || ûz[z]- || nusîli || nus(i)- || nîsi- || nošûl || noš- || nûš-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|'''2''' || ozûr || ozu- || ûz[z]- || nusîli || nus(i)- || nîsi- || nošûl || noš- || nûš-
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|-
|-
|}
|}


- Reflexive pronouns:
- Reflexive pronouns:


Reflexive pronouns are formed by prefixal and infixal reduplication of the long form of the free pronouns and have only a long form. The prefixal element V- applies to CV1C- forms, which become V1CV1C-. The infixal element -CC- applies to both CVC- and VCV- forms, which geminate the first and second consonant, respectively, of the free form of the pronoun. This lengthening of the consonant compensatorily shortens any subsequent long vowels and drives the elision of  final vowels. Regular phonological processes also apply.
:Reflexive pronouns are formed by prefixal and infixal reduplication of the long form of the free pronouns and have only a long form. The prefixal element ''V-'' applies to CV<sub>1</sub>C- forms, which become V<sub>1</sub>CV<sub>1</sub>C-. The infixal element ''-CC-'' applies to both CVC- and VCV- forms, which geminate the first and second consonant, respectively, of the free form of the pronoun. This lengthening of the consonant compensatorily shortens any subsequent long vowels and drives the elision of  final vowels. Regular phonological processes also apply.
SINGULAR DUAL PLURAL
 
1.INCL ummal unummil unummeš
:{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
1.EXCL udummil udummeš
|-
2 ozzur unussil onoššul
! || SINGULAR || DUAL || PLURAL
3 muppal anammil anammal
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"| '''{{sc|1.incl}}''' || ummal || unummil || unummeš
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"| '''{{sc|1.excl}}''' || style="background:darkgray"| || udummil || udummeš
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"| '''2''' || ozzur || unussil || onoššul
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"| '''3''' || muppal || anammil || anammal
|-
|}
 


- Genitive pronouns:
- Genitive pronouns:


These pronouns are etymologically related to the root *wēr, to belong", being reconstructed as an adpositional compound of *PREP+wer. E.g. :
:These pronouns are etymologically related to the root ''*wēr'', to belong", being reconstructed as an adpositional compound of ''*PREP+wer''. E.g. :
 
:{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! rowspan=2| || colspan=3| SINGULAR || colspan=3| PAUCAL/PLURAL
|-
! Long || Short || Enclitic || Long || Short || Enclitic
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"| '''{{sc|1.incl}}''' || ekker || ek- || e=k- || akler || ak- || a=k-
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"| '''{{sc|1.excl}}''' || colspan=3; style="background:darkgray"| || ''t=akler'' > talêr || tâl- || ta=l-
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"| '''2''' || ener || en- || e=n- || aššer || aš(š)- || a=š-
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"| '''3''' || eyer || ey- || e=y- || nammer || nâm- || na=m-
|-
|}


SINGULAR PAUCAL/PLURAL
Long Short Encl. Long Short Encl.
1.INCL ekker ek- e=k- akler ak- a=k-
1.EXCL t=akler > talêr tâl- ta=l-
2 ener en- e=n- aššer aš(š)- a=š-
3 eyer ey- e=y- nammer nâm- na=m-


- Negative pronouns:
- Negative pronouns:


SINGULAR PAUCAL/PLURAL
:{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
Long Short Encl. Long Short Encl.
|-
1.INCL erex ex- re=x- šârek šâr- šâ=r-
! rowspan=2| || colspan=3| SINGULAR || colspan=3| PAUCAL/PLURAL
1.EXCL t=šârek > trašek traš- tra=š-
|-
2 umât tûm- tû=m- šêkru šek- še=k-
! Long || Short || Enclitic || Long || Short || Enclitic
3 tammûr tâm- twâ- šûrak šûr- šû=r-
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"| '''{{sc|1.incl}}''' || erex || ex- || re=x- || šârek || šâr- || šâ=r-
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"| '''{{sc|1.excl}}''' || colspan=3; style="background:darkgray"| || ''t=šârek'' > trašek || traš- || tra=š-
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"| '''2''' || umât || tûm- || tû=m- || šêkru || šek- || še=k-
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"| '''3''' || tammûr || tâm- || twâ- || šûrak || šûr- || šû=r-
|-
|}


===VERBAL MORPHOLOGY===
===VERBAL MORPHOLOGY===
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