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Rapunzel (view source)

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#Redirect [[Windermere]]
 
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'''Rapunzel''' is a Luminese language distantly related to Rencadian. It's also in a sprachbund with Rencadian so it has many grammatical features in common with it.
 
It's inspired by German, Khmer, Estonian, Vietnamese, and an older draft of IlL's Classical Wiobian.
 
==Introduction==
 
 
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? -->
 
<!-- Example categories/headings:
 
Goals
Setting
Inspiration
 
-->
 
<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
<!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:
 
Vowel inventory
Consonant inventory
Syllable structure
Stress
Intonation
 
-->
==Phonology==
===Orthography===
===Consonants===
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+ '''Rapunzel consonants'''
! colspan="2"|
! | Labial
! | Dental
! | Alveolar
! | Palatal
! | Medial
! | Velar
! | Labiovelar
! | Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| '''m''' /m/
|
| '''n''' /n/
|
| '''ń''' /ɲˤ/
| '''ng''' /ŋ/
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
! | <small>voiceless</small>
| '''p''' /p/
|
| '''t''' /t/
|
| '''z''' /cˤ/
| '''k''' /k/
|
|
|-
! | <small>voiced</small>
| '''ƀ''' /b/
|
| '''đ''' /d/
|
| '''ɟ''' /ɟˤ/
| '''g''' /ɡ/
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
! | <small>voiceless</small>
| '''f''' /f~v/
| '''þ''' /θ~ð/
| '''ß''' /s/
|
| '''s''' /ç~ʝ/
| '''ch''' /x~ɣ/
|
| ('''ḥ''' /h/)
|-
! | <small>voiced</small>
| ('''v''' /v/)
| ('''ð''' /ð/)
| '''ʒ''' /z/
|
|
| ('''gh''' /x~ɣ/)
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Lateral approximant
|
|
| '''l''' /l/
|
| '''ĺ''' /ʎˁ/
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Lateral fricative
|
|
| '''lh''' /ɬ/
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
|
|
|
| '''j''' /j/
| '''r''' /jˁ/
|
| '''w''' /w/
|
|}
 
The medial consonants vary by idiolect and can be laminal retroflex /ʈʂ, ɖʐ, ʂ, ɳ, ɭ, ɻ/, pharyngealized palatal, or pharyngealized uvular /qˁ, ɢˁ, χˁ, ɴˁ, ʟˁ, ʁˁ/.
 
Sounds in parentheses are phonemic in Southern Rapunzel. Voiceless fricatives except /s/ and /çˁ/ are voiced intervocalically in Northern Rapunzel.
 
===Vowels===
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "| &nbsp;
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Front
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /i/
| '''ih''' /iː/
| '''ü''' /ɨ/
| '''üh''' /ɨː/
| '''u''' /u/
| '''uh''' /uː/
|-
! style="" |Close-mid
| '''e''' /e~ɪ/
| '''eh''' /eː~ɪː/
|
|
| '''o''' /o~ʊ/
| '''oh''' /oː~ʊː/
|-
! style="" |Mid
|
|
| '''ö''' /ə/
| '''öh''' /əː/
|
|
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
| '''ä''' /ɛ/
| '''äh''' /ɛː/
|
|
| '''å''' /ɔ/
| '''åh''' /ɔː/
|-
! style="" |Open
| '''a''' /æ/
| '''ah''' /æː/
|
|
| '''ⱶ''' /ɑ/
| '''ⱶh''' /ɑː/
|}
 
As '''ⱶ''' is a rare vowel sound in Rapunzel, it's often merged with '''å''' into /ɑ~ɒ/. This does not happen in all accents of Rapunzel so the spelling distinguishes the two phonemes.
 
Rapunzel also allows the following diphthongs:
'''ie üö uo ai ⱶe ⱶo au ⱶü ei åi eu oi äⱶ öi öü öu'''. The combinations '''ie uo ei''' are pronounced as if spelled '''iö uö äi'''.
 
===Prosody===
====Stress====
 
Most of the time, the stress falls on the first syllable. Exceptions are sesquisyllables that result from epenthesis of initial consonant clusters.
 
====Intonation====
 
===Phonotactics===
 
The syllable structure is (C)(C)V(C)(C), where V can be a vowel or a diphthong.
 
===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==
 
===Pronouns===
(to be added)
 
===Verbs===
Verbs conjugate for person and tense. The present tense conjugation is as follows:
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="4" | Present indicative athematic endings
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1
|''-im''
|''-im''
|-
!|2, 3
|''-ep''
|''-ep''
|}
 
For example,
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="4" | ädahþ 'to speak'
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1
|''ädim''
|''ädim''
|-
!|2, 3
|''ädep''
|''ädep''
|}
 
Thematic verbs conjugate differently:
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="4" | meþahþ 'to sit'
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1
|''meþäm''
|''meþäm''
|-
!|2, 3
|''meþöp''
|''meþöp''
|}
 
[add rule here]
 
The past and future tense conjugations are identical to the present tense conjugation, except the first person forms coincide with the second person present forms.
 
 
==Syntax==
 
Word order in Rapunzel is SVO. Otherwise it's head-final, which means:
* adjectives and relative clauses precede nouns, so "the man who eats apples" is literally "the apple-eating man"
* postpositions, not prepositions
* complementizers are head-initial (because of the final-over-final constraint)
 
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===
<!-- etc. etc. -->
 
==Example texts==
==Other resources==
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
 
<!-- Template area -->
 
 
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
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