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Aryan: Difference between revisions
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→Pronouns [...]
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! Accusative | ! Accusative | ||
| *nh<sub>0</sub>(m) || *tu̯h<sub>0</sub>(m) || *ím<br>*íh<sub>0</sub>m<br>*íts || * | | *nh<sub>0</sub>(m) || *tu̯h<sub>0</sub>(m) || *ím<br>*íh<sub>0</sub>m<br>*íts || *noh<sub>0</sub>(m) || *i̯uh<sub>0</sub>(m) || *aím,<br>*aíh<sub>0</sub>m,<br>*aíts || *nsh<sub>0</sub>(m) || *u̯sh<sub>0</sub>(m) || *ísm<br>*íh<sub>0</sub>sm<br>*ís || *nah<sub>0</sub>(m) || *u̯ah<sub>0</sub>(m) || *íam<br>*íh<sub>0</sub>am<br>*ía | ||
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! Genitive | ! Genitive | ||
| *ni̯a || *tu̯i̯a || *ítsi̯a<br>*íh<sub>0</sub>tsi̯a<br>*ítsi̯a || * | | *ni̯a || *tu̯i̯a || *ítsi̯a<br>*íh<sub>0</sub>tsi̯a<br>*ítsi̯a || *noi̯a || *i̯ui̯a || *aítsi̯a,<br>*aíh<sub>0</sub>tsi̯a,<br>*aítsi̯a || *nsi̯a(m) || *u̯si̯a(m) || *ítsi̯am<br>*íh<sub>0</sub>tsi̯am<br>*ítsi̯am || *nai̯a || *u̯ai̯a || *íai̯a<br>*íh<sub>0</sub>ai̯a<br>*íai̯a | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Locative | ! Locative | ||
| *ni || *tu̯i || *ítsi<br>*íh<sub>0</sub>tsi<br>*ítsi || * | | *ni || *tu̯i || *ítsi<br>*íh<sub>0</sub>tsi<br>*ítsi || *noi || *i̯ui || *aítsi<br>*aíh<sub>0</sub>tsi<br>*aítsi || *nsi(m) || *u̯si(m) || *ítsim<br>*íh<sub>0</sub>tsim<br>*ítsim || *nai || *u̯ai || *íai<br>*íh<sub>0</sub>ai<br>*íai | ||
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! Dative | ! Dative | ||
| *nai̯ || *tu̯ai̯ || *íai̯<br>*íh<sub>0</sub>ai̯<br>*íai̯ || * | | *nai̯ || *tu̯ai̯ || *íai̯<br>*íh<sub>0</sub>ai̯<br>*íai̯ || *noai̯ || *i̯uai̯ || *aíai̯<br>*aíh<sub>0</sub>ai̯<br>*aíai̯ || *nsai̯(m) || *u̯sai̯(m) || *ísai̯(m)<br>*íh<sub>0</sub>sai̯<br>*ísai̯(m) || *naai̯ || *u̯aai̯ || *íaai̯<br>*íh<sub>0</sub>aai̯<br>*íaai̯ | ||
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**This sound change affected all other inflections of the first person singular. | **This sound change affected all other inflections of the first person singular. | ||
***e.g. the Aryan form ''*nh<sub>0</sub>(m)'' "me" became ''*mh<sub>0</sub>'', then PIE ''*me''. | ***e.g. the Aryan form ''*nh<sub>0</sub>(m)'' "me" became ''*mh<sub>0</sub>'', then PIE ''*me''. | ||
*The dual is formed by erasing sounds of the singular, then reduplicating it (e.g. ''*aiǵṓn'' ⇒ ''*ōi̯ṓn''; ''*tū́'' ⇒ ''*ūi̯ū́''; ''*aíh<sub>0</sub>i'' ⇒ ''*aī́''), while the plural is formed by erasing the reduplication of the dual, then adding the serial particle ''*-s-'' (e.g. ''*ōi̯ṓn'' ⇒ ''*ṓns''; ''*ūi̯ū́'' ⇒ ''*ū́s''; ''*aī́'' ⇒ ''* | *The dual is formed by erasing sounds of the singular, then reduplicating it (e.g. ''*aiǵṓn'' ⇒ ''*ōi̯ṓn''; ''*tū́'' ⇒ ''*ūi̯ū́''; ''*aíh<sub>0</sub>i'' ⇒ ''*aī́''), while the plural is formed by erasing the reduplication of the dual, then adding the serial particle ''*-s-'' (e.g. ''*ōi̯ṓn'' ⇒ ''*ṓns''; ''*ūi̯ū́'' ⇒ ''*ū́s''; ''*aī́'' ⇒ ''*aī́s''), and the collective simply does the latter but with the suffix ''*-a'' (e.g. ''*ōi̯ṓn'' ⇒ ''*ṓna''; ''*ūi̯ū́'' ⇒ ''*ū́a''; ''*aī́'' ⇒ ''*aía''). Medial ''*i̯'' ~ ''*u̯'' is inserted to avoid diphthongs between reduplicated vowels, and ''*ts'' is applied in all other cases when two bordering vowels are similar. | ||
**The products of this process would eventually substitute the plural forms of the first and second-person (i.e. ''*ṓns'' "we (plural)" ⇒ ∅, replaced by ''*ōi̯ṓn'' "we (dual)" (Aryan) ⇒ ''*wéy'' "we (plural)" (PIE); ''*ūs'' "you (plural)" ⇒ ∅, replaced by ''*ūi̯ū́'' "you (dual)" (Aryan) ⇒ ''*yū́'' "you (plural)" (PIE)). | **The products of this process would eventually substitute the plural forms of the first and second-person (i.e. ''*ṓns'' "we (plural)" ⇒ ∅, replaced by ''*ōi̯ṓn'' "we (dual)" (Aryan) ⇒ ''*wéy'' "we (plural)" (PIE); ''*ūs'' "you (plural)" ⇒ ∅, replaced by ''*ūi̯ū́'' "you (dual)" (Aryan) ⇒ ''*yū́'' "you (plural)" (PIE)). | ||
*In Aryan, third-person pronouns possess a shorter form when complemented by a noun (e.g. ''*aíh<sub>0</sub>i'' "he" > ''*h<sub>0</sub>naír h<sub>0</sub>í'' "he, the man"). The reason for this is that in the Codex, pronouns used to be morphologically treated as affixes, and therefore couldn't stand by themselves except when linked to a root (e.g. ''ˈə-e̞ː'' "he/she/it", but not ''**e̞ː''). | *In Aryan, third-person pronouns possess a shorter form when complemented by a noun (e.g. ''*aíh<sub>0</sub>i'' "he" > ''*h<sub>0</sub>naír h<sub>0</sub>í'' "he, the man"). The reason for this is that in the Codex, pronouns used to be morphologically treated as affixes, and therefore couldn't stand by themselves except when linked to a root (e.g. ''ˈə-e̞ː'' "he/she/it", but not ''**e̞ː''). | ||
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! Genitive | ! Genitive | ||
| *tai̯a || *tah<sub>0</sub>i̯a || *tai̯a || *atai̯a || *atah<sub>0</sub>i̯a || *atai̯a || * | | *tai̯a || *tah<sub>0</sub>i̯a || *tai̯a || *atai̯a || *atah<sub>0</sub>i̯a || *atai̯a || *tasi̯a || *tah<sub>0</sub>si̯a || *tasi̯a || *ai̯a || *ah<sub>0</sub>i̯a || *ai̯a | ||
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! Locative | ! Locative | ||
| *tai || *tah<sub>0</sub>ui || *tai || *atai || *atah<sub>0</sub>i || *atai || * | | *tai || *tah<sub>0</sub>ui || *tai || *atai || *atah<sub>0</sub>i || *atai || *tasi || *taih<sub>0</sub>si || *tasi || *ai || *ah<sub>0</sub>i || *ai | ||
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! Dative | ! Dative | ||
| *taai̯ || *tah<sub>0</sub>ai̯ || *taai̯ || *ataai̯ || *atah<sub>0</sub>ai̯ || *ataai̯ || * | | *taai̯ || *tah<sub>0</sub>ai̯ || *taai̯ || *ataai̯ || *atah<sub>0</sub>ai̯ || *ataai̯ || *tasai̯ || *tah<sub>0</sub>sai̯ || *tasai̯ || *aai̯ || *ah<sub>0</sub>ai̯ || *aai̯ | ||
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|} | |} | ||