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Aryan: Difference between revisions
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→Personal Pronouns
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! Nominative | ! Nominative | ||
| * | | *h<sub>5</sub>ih<sub>1</sub>ṓn || *tū́ || *aī́h<sub>0</sub>i<br>*aī́h<sub>0</sub><br>*aī́ts || *ōi̯ṓn || *ūi̯ū́ || *aī́<br>*īu̯ī́h<sub>0</sub><br>*īu̯ī́ || *ṓns || *ū́s || *aī́s<br>*ī́h<sub>0</sub>s<br>*ī́s || *ṓna || *ū́a || *aī́a<br>*ī́h<sub>0</sub>a<br>*ī́a | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Accusative | ! Accusative | ||
| *nh<sub>0</sub>(m) || *tu̯h<sub>0</sub>(m) || * | | *nh<sub>0</sub>(m) || *tu̯h<sub>0</sub>(m) || *im<br>*ih<sub>0</sub>m<br>*its || *noh<sub>0</sub>(m) || *i̯uh<sub>0</sub>(m) || *aim,<br>*aíh<sub>0</sub>m,<br>*aíts || *nsh<sub>0</sub>(m) || *u̯sh<sub>0</sub>(m) || *ism<br>*ih<sub>0</sub>sm<br>*is || *nah<sub>0</sub>(m) || *u̯ah<sub>0</sub>(m) || *iam<br>*ih<sub>0</sub>am<br>*ia | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Genitive | ! Genitive | ||
| *ni̯a || *tu̯i̯a || * | | *ni̯a || *tu̯i̯a || *itsi̯a<br>*ih<sub>0</sub>tsi̯a<br>*itsi̯a || *noi̯a || *i̯ui̯a || *aitsi̯a,<br>*aih<sub>0</sub>tsi̯a,<br>*aitsi̯a || *nsi̯a(m) || *u̯si̯a(m) || *itsi̯am<br>*ih<sub>0</sub>tsi̯am<br>*itsi̯am || *nai̯a || *u̯ai̯a || *iai̯a<br>*ih<sub>0</sub>ai̯a<br>*iai̯a | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Locative | ! Locative | ||
| *ni || *tu̯i || * | | *ni || *tu̯i || *itsi<br>*ih<sub>0</sub>tsi<br>*itsi || *noi || *i̯ui || *aitsi<br>*aih<sub>0</sub>tsi<br>*aitsi || *nsi(m) || *u̯si(m) || *itsim<br>*ih<sub>0</sub>tsim<br>*itsim || *nai || *u̯ai || *iai<br>*ih<sub>0</sub>ai<br>*iai | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Dative | ! Dative | ||
| *nai̯ || *tu̯ai̯ || * | | *nai̯ || *tu̯ai̯ || *iai̯<br>*ih<sub>0</sub>ai̯<br>*iai̯ || *noai̯ || *i̯uai̯ || *aiai̯<br>*aih<sub>0</sub>ai̯<br>*aiai̯ || *nsai̯(m) || *u̯sai̯(m) || *isai̯(m)<br>*ih<sub>0</sub>sai̯(m)<br>*isai̯(m) || *naai̯ || *u̯aai̯ || *iaai̯<br>*ih<sub>0</sub>aai̯<br>*iaai̯ | ||
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*The first-person singular ''* | *The first-person singular ''*h<sub>5</sub>ih<sub>1</sub>ṓn'' (PIE ''*h<sub>1</sub>eǵHóm'') seems to be a descendent of the primordial form ''ˈʕih-ɔː'' "I" , which would regularly yield stress on the first syllable, yet it is observed that in PIE the consonant <''*ǵ''> appears (probably a consequence from the sound change '''*h<sub>1</sub> ⇒ *ǵ / V_V'''), plus the affixation of <''*n''>, a borrowing from Diluvian ''nao'' "this person". | ||
**In PIE, the emphatic''*h<sub>1</sub>eǵHóm'' could be interpreted as more archaic than ''*h₁eǵH'', as Homeric Greek ''ἐγών'' and Sanskrit ''अहम्'' suggest. The emphatic particle ''*-om'' (PIE) likely arose due the contaminator <''*m''>. | **In PIE, the emphatic''*h<sub>1</sub>eǵHóm'' could be interpreted as more archaic than ''*h₁eǵH'', as Homeric Greek ''ἐγών'' and Sanskrit ''अहम्'' suggest. The emphatic particle ''*-om'' (PIE) likely arose due the contaminator <''*m''>. | ||
**The nasal in ''* | **The nasal in ''*h<sub>5</sub>ih<sub>1</sub>ṓn'' "I" became <''*m''> primarily due two distinct processes; one phonetic and other phonological. It was either subsequently labialized by the preceding vowel, shortening the nucleus (i.e. /oːn/ ⇒ /own/ ⇒ /om/), and/or swapped by the contaminator ''*m'' based on its inflected forms. | ||
***This sound change affected all other inflections of the first person singular (e.g. the Aryan form ''*nh<sub>0</sub>(m)'' "me" became ''*mh<sub>0</sub>'', then PIE ''*me''). | ***This sound change affected all other inflections of the first person singular (e.g. the Aryan form ''*nh<sub>0</sub>(m)'' "me" became ''*mh<sub>0</sub>'', then PIE ''*me''). | ||
*The second-person singular ''*tū́'' (PIE ''*túH'') seems to be a descendent of Diluvian ''taocar'' "the person one refers to", with an unusual vocalic paradigm. | *The second-person singular ''*tū́'' (PIE ''*túH'') seems to be a descendent of Diluvian ''taocar'' "the person one refers to", with an unusual vocalic paradigm. | ||
**In PIE, the pronoun ''*túH'' is extremely conservative, found as ''tu'' in Latin, ''σύ'' in Greek, and ''त्वम्'' in Sanskrit, for example. | **In PIE, the pronoun ''*túH'' is extremely conservative, found as ''tu'' in Latin, ''σύ'' in Greek, and ''त्वम्'' in Sanskrit, for example. | ||
*The third-person singulars ''* | *The third-person singulars ''*aī́h<sub>0</sub>i'', ''*aī́h<sub>0</sub><br>'', and ''*aī́ts'' possess a shorter form when complemented by a noun (e.g. ''*aíh<sub>0</sub>i'' "he" ⇒ ''*h<sub>0</sub>naír h<sub>0</sub>í'' "he, the man"). The reason for this is that in the Codex, pronouns used to be morphologically treated as affixes, and therefore couldn't stand by themselves except when linked to a root (e.g. ''ˈə-e̞ː'' "he/she/it", but not ''**e̞ː''). | ||
**As a result, the clitic counterparts gained a sense as proximal demonstratives of PIE, being evident in forms such as Latin ''is'' "he", ''ea'' "she", and ''id'' "it", whose anaphoric use prohibts them to stand by themselves. | **As a result, the clitic counterparts gained a sense as proximal demonstratives of PIE, being evident in forms such as Latin ''is'' "he", ''ea'' "she", and ''id'' "it", whose anaphoric use prohibts them to stand by themselves. | ||
***e.g. ''*h<sub>0</sub>í'' "he" ⇒ ''*h<sub>1</sub>í'' "this/he"; ''*h<sub>1</sub>íh<sub>0</sub>'' "she" ⇒ ''*íh<sub>2</sub>'' "this/she"; ''*íts'' "it" ⇒ ''*h<sub>1</sub>íd'' "this/it". | ***e.g. ''*h<sub>0</sub>í'' "he" ⇒ ''*h<sub>1</sub>í'' "this/he"; ''*h<sub>1</sub>íh<sub>0</sub>'' "she" ⇒ ''*íh<sub>2</sub>'' "this/she"; ''*íts'' "it" ⇒ ''*h<sub>1</sub>íd'' "this/it". | ||