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Antarctican: Difference between revisions
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Negation
(Relative Clauses) |
(Negation) |
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`rèdu /ʁɘdu/ - red, root | `rèdu /ʁɘdu/ - red, root | ||
` | `rèdla /ʁɘɦdɮa/ - red, | ||
verb-focus | verb-focus | ||
| Line 1,957: | Line 1,957: | ||
/teilɛʔː/ - shirt, we can say: | /teilɛʔː/ - shirt, we can say: | ||
tieyláae ` | tieyláae `rèdla /teilɛːʔ ʁɘɦdɮa/ – a red shirt | ||
(non-restrictive) | (non-restrictive) | ||
| Line 2,994: | Line 2,994: | ||
| frog.ABS || die.VFCS | | frog.ABS || die.VFCS | ||
|} | |} | ||
The frog | The frog, which died. | ||
| Line 3,034: | Line 3,034: | ||
|} | |} | ||
The soldier that hunted. | The soldier that hunted. | ||
===Negation=== | |||
Negation in Antarctican is done by using two particles, no /nɔ/ and nay /nai/. | |||
====The Particle no /nɔ/==== | |||
The normal way to negate a sentence is to put this immediately before the verb e.g. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| sowdlan || amielaykùe || wùerù | |||
|- | |||
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ | |||
|- | |||
| soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS | |||
|} | |||
Soldiers are hunting frogs. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| sowdlan || no || amielaykùe || wùerù | |||
|- | |||
| sɔudɮaɴ || nɔ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ | |||
|- | |||
| soldier-ERG || NEG || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS | |||
|} | |||
Soldiers aren't hunting frogs. | |||
Either the noun-focus form of the verb (as above), or the verb-focus form can be used e.g. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| sowdlan || no || amielaeychu || wùerù | |||
|- | |||
| sɔudɮaɴ || nɔ || ʔamelɛicu || wɨɦʁuɦ | |||
|- | |||
| soldier-ERG || NEG || hunt.VFCS || frog.ABS | |||
|} | |||
Soldiers aren't hunting frogs. | |||
The default position for the particle is immediately before the verb, however it can be moved to in front of a noun as well. Doing so puts emphasis on negating that noun e.g. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| no || sowdlan || amielaykùe || wùerù | |||
|- | |||
| nɔ || sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ | |||
|- | |||
| NEG || soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS | |||
|} | |||
''Soldiers'' aren't hunting frogs (but someone else is). | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| sowdlan || amielaykùe || no || wùerù | |||
|- | |||
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || nɔ || wɨɦʁuɦ | |||
|- | |||
| soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || NEG || frog.ABS | |||
|} | |||
Soldiers aren't hunting ''frogs'' (but they are hunting something else). | |||
Note that in both of the above cases, the noun-focus form is used. Using the verb focus form "amielaykùe" here would be ungrammatical. | |||
Also note that, if a noun is topicalised, then the particle cannot occur before it. So the following sentence is ungrammatical: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| no || sowdla || amielaykùe || wùerù | |||
|- | |||
| nɔ || sɔudɮa || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ | |||
|- | |||
| NEG || soldier.ABS || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS | |||
|} | |||
====The particle nay /nai/==== | |||
This is always placed after a verb, which must be in the verb-focus form. It is used for negation with emphasis on the verb e.g. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| sowdla || amielaeychu || nay || wùerù | |||
|- | |||
| sɔudɮa || ʔamelɛicu || nai || wɨɦʁuɦ | |||
|- | |||
| soldier.ABS || hunt.VFCS || NEG || frog.ABS | |||
|} | |||
Soldiers aren't ''hunting'' frogs (but they are doing something else). | |||
It is also used for negating a verb in a relative clause e.g. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| wùerù || kivieli-iewn || `rèdla | |||
|- | |||
| wɨɦʁuɦ || kiɥeliʔeuɴ || ʁɘɦdɮa | |||
|- | |||
| frog.ABS || die.VFCS || red.VFCS | |||
|} | |||
The frog, which died, was red. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| wùerù || kivieli-iewn || nay || `rèdla | |||
|- | |||
| wɨɦʁuɦ || kiɥeliʔeuɴ || nai || ʁɘɦdɮa | |||
|- | |||
| frog.ABS || die.VFCS || NEG || red.VFCS | |||
|} | |||
The frog, which didn't die, was red. | |||
And since Antarctican makes no distinction between adjectives and verbs, and hence no distinction between an attributive adjective (one describing a noun), and a verb in a relative clause, this particle is also used to negate adjectives when they are describing nouns e.g. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| sowdlan || amielaykùe || wùerù || `rèdla | |||
|- | |||
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ || ʁɘɦdɮa | |||
|- | |||
| soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS || red.VFCS | |||
|} | |||
Soldiers are hunting red frogs. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| sowdlan || amielaykùe || wùerù || `rèdla || nay | |||
|- | |||
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ || ʁɘɦdɮa || nai | |||
|- | |||
| soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS || red.VFCS || NEG | |||
|} | |||
Soldiers aren't hunting ''red'' frogs (maybe they're hunting another colour). | |||
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]] | [[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]] | ||