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Carnian grammar: Difference between revisions
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=== Declension === | === Declension === | ||
Modern Carnian preserves only definite adjectival declension, differing from Slovene and Serbo-Croatian, which distinguish between definite and indefinite. The loss of the indefinite declension was gradual, being used only in the predicative by the end of the Old Carnian period. It then evolved into a special, uninflected '''predicative adjective''', which basically follows the old indefinite masculine nominative form but is used for all genders, cases, and numbers. This form is treated as the base form of all adjectives (similarly to German). The same is true for adjectival participles. | Modern Carnian preserves only definite adjectival declension, differing from Slovene and Serbo-Croatian, which distinguish between definite and indefinite. The loss of the indefinite declension was gradual, being used only in the predicative by the end of the Old Carnian period. It then evolved into a special, uninflected '''predicative adjective''', which basically follows the old indefinite masculine nominative form but is used for all genders, cases, and numbers. This form is treated as the base form of all adjectives (similarly to German). The same is true for adjectival participles. The majority of predicative adjectives receives ultimate accent, so the stressed syllable agrees with the non-predicative form (compare ''zelen'' [zɛlɛ̌n] vs. ''zeleny'' [zɛlɛ̌nɛɪ̯]). The exception are adjectives with spurious vowels in their final syllables which are lost in the inflection (compare ''pozen'' [pɔ̂ːzɛn] vs. ''pozny'' [pɔ̂znɛɪ̯] 'late'). | ||
Adjectives in expressions other than predicative are placed before the nouns and agree with them in case, number, and gender. In contrast to nouns, the hard-soft distinction was lost in adjectives, with soft declension taking over the hard one. Thus all adjectives follow the standard declension pattern, which is the same for adjectival nouns. | Adjectives in expressions other than predicative are placed before the nouns and agree with them in case, number, and gender. In contrast to nouns, the hard-soft distinction was lost in adjectives, with soft declension taking over the hard one. Thus all adjectives follow the standard declension pattern, which is the same for adjectival nouns. | ||
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==== Past participle ==== | ==== Past participle ==== | ||
The past participle is used mainly to form the past and future tense and is formed by adding -''u̯'' to the infinitive stem. It appears in analytical forms and therefore exists primarily in predicative (although some fossilized forms of non-predicative use exist, for example in ''dobrosli'' 'welcome') and must be preceded by an auxiliary verb. As with all predicative adjectival expressions, it receives ultimate accent. | The past participle is used mainly to form the past and future tense and is formed by adding -''u̯'' to the infinitive stem. It appears in analytical forms and therefore exists primarily in predicative (although some fossilized forms of non-predicative use exist, for example in ''dobrosli'' 'welcome') and must be preceded by an auxiliary verb. As with all predicative adjectival expressions, it receives ultimate accent unless it contains an old spurious vowel in the final syllable (compare ''reckeu'' [rɛ̌ːkɛʊ̯], ''ċitau'' [dɐʋǎʊ̯]). | ||
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