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Luthic: Difference between revisions
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| -ano || -ono || -ono || -ono | | -ano || -ono || -ono || -ono | ||
|} | |} | ||
In the default active voice, the grammatical subject is the agent performing the action. Conversely, the passive voice is a construction used to shift the focus of the sentence to the patient (the receiver of the action), which then functions as the grammatical subject. The original agent, if expressed, is typically relegated to an oblique phrase. | |||
In a notable archaism, Luthic preserves a fusional passive voice. Unlike the analytical passive of modern Romance, the Luthic passive is not formed with an auxiliary verb. Instead, it is marked by a distinct set of inflectional endings applied directly to the verb stem. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:40%; table-layout:fixed;" | |||
|+ Indicative passive | |||
! style="width:20%;" | Indicative passive | |||
! style="width:20%;" | -are | |||
! style="width:20%;" | -ere | |||
! style="width:20%;" | -ore | |||
! style="width:20%;" | -ire | |||
|- | |||
! ec | |||
| -ara || -era || -ora || -ira | |||
|- | |||
! þú | |||
| -asa || -esa || -osa || -isa | |||
|- | |||
! e | |||
| -aþa || -eþa || -oþa || -iþa | |||
|- | |||
! ve | |||
| -anda || -enda || -onda || -inda | |||
|- | |||
! gio | |||
| -anda || -enda || -onda || -inda | |||
|- | |||
! vi | |||
| -anda || -enda || -onda || -inda | |||
|- | |||
! giu | |||
| -anda || -enda || -onda || -inda | |||
|- | |||
! i | |||
| -anda || -enda || -onda || -inda | |||
|} | |||
In addition to the indicative mood, which is used for factual statements and objective realities, Luthic employs a distinct subjunctive mood. The subjunctive is primarily used to express subjectivity, uncertainty, or irrealis. It typically appears in subordinate clauses, often following verbs of opinion, desire, or necessity. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:40%; table-layout:fixed;" | |||
|+ Subjunctive active | |||
! style="width:20%;" | Subjunctive active | |||
! style="width:20%;" | -are | |||
! style="width:20%;" | -ere | |||
! style="width:20%;" | -ore | |||
! style="width:20%;" | -ire | |||
|- | |||
! ec | |||
| -i || -a || -i || -a | |||
|- | |||
! þú | |||
| -i || -a || -i || -a | |||
|- | |||
! e | |||
| -i || -a || -i || -a | |||
|- | |||
! ve | |||
| -i || -a || -i || -a | |||
|- | |||
! gio | |||
| -iaze || -iaze || -iaze || -iaze | |||
|- | |||
! vi | |||
| -iamu || -iamu || -iamu || -iamu | |||
|- | |||
! giu | |||
| -iate || -iate || -iate || -iate | |||
|- | |||
! i | |||
| -ino || -ano || -ino || -ano | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:40%; table-layout:fixed;" | |||
|+ Subjunctive passive | |||
! style="width:20%;" | Subjunctive passive | |||
! style="width:20%;" | -are | |||
! style="width:20%;" | -ere | |||
! style="width:20%;" | -ore | |||
! style="width:20%;" | -ire | |||
|- | |||
! ec | |||
| -iruo || -aruo || -iruo || -aruo | |||
|- | |||
! þú | |||
| -isuo || -asuo || -isuo || -asuo | |||
|- | |||
! e | |||
| -iþuo || -aþuo || -iþuo || -aþuo | |||
|- | |||
! ve | |||
| -induo || -anduo || -induo || -anduo | |||
|- | |||
! gio | |||
| -induo || -anduo || -induo || -anduo | |||
|- | |||
! vi | |||
| -induo || -anduo || -induo || -anduo | |||
|- | |||
! giu | |||
| -induo || -anduo || -induo || -anduo | |||
|- | |||
! i | |||
| -induo || -anduo || -induo || -anduo | |||
|} | |||
The conditional mood in Luthic is used to express actions that are contingent upon a condition, often hypothetical or unreal. Its primary functions include: | |||
* Expressing hypothetical outcomes, typically in the apodosis of a conditional sentence; | |||
* Indicating the future from a past perspective (futūrum in praeteritō); | |||
* Softening requests or statements to convey politeness; | |||
* Conveying conjecture or probability concerning past events. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:40%; table-layout:fixed;" | |||
|+ Conditional active | |||
! style="width:20%;" | Conditional active | |||
! style="width:20%;" | -are | |||
! style="width:20%;" | -ere | |||
! style="width:20%;" | -ore | |||
! style="width:20%;" | -ire | |||
|- | |||
! ec | |||
| -erebbi || -erebbi || -orebbi || -irebbi | |||
|- | |||
! þú | |||
| -eresti || -eresti || -oresti || -iresti | |||
|- | |||
! e | |||
| -erebbe || -erebbe || -orebbe || -irebbe | |||
|- | |||
! ve | |||
| -erebbi || -erebbi || -orebbi || -irebbi | |||
|- | |||
! gio | |||
| -ereze || -ereze || -oreze || -ireze | |||
|- | |||
! vi | |||
| -eremmu || -eremmu || -oremmu || -iremmu | |||
|- | |||
! giu | |||
| -ereste || -ereste || -oreste || -ireste | |||
|- | |||
! i | |||
| -erebberono || -erebberono || -orebberono || -irebberono | |||
|} | |||
Unlike in other tenses, the conditional passive is not formed with specific inflectional endings. Instead, it is constructed analytically, using the conditional present tense of the auxiliary verb ‘to be’ combined with the past participle of the main verb. The participle, in this periphrastic construction, agrees in gender and number with the grammatical subject. | |||
* (active) geverebbi þana buoco. → I would give the book. | |||
* (passive) so buocu sarebbe gevatu mina. → The book would be given by me. | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||