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The fundamental principle of clause structure is the Verb-Second (V2) word order. This rule dictates that in any declarative main clause, the finite (conjugated) verb must always appear in the second position. The first position is occupied by the sentence’s topic, which can be the subject or another element (such as an adverb or object) moved to the front for emphasis. When a non-subject element occupies the first position, the subject must be inverted and placed after the verb. | The fundamental principle of clause structure is the Verb-Second (V2) word order. This rule dictates that in any declarative main clause, the finite (conjugated) verb must always appear in the second position. The first position is occupied by the sentence’s topic, which can be the subject or another element (such as an adverb or object) moved to the front for emphasis. When a non-subject element occupies the first position, the subject must be inverted and placed after the verb. | ||
dregco þata vato. | : dregco þata vato. | ||
: dregc-o þata vat-o | |||
: drink-1SG the water | |||
: “I drink the water.” | |||
dregc-o | : þata vato dregco. | ||
: þata vat-o dregc-o | |||
: the water drink-1SG | |||
: “The water is what I drink.” | |||
: bii liuvalicu. | |||
: bi-i liuv-a-lic-u | |||
: be-2SG adorable | |||
: “You are adorable.” | |||
bii liuvalicu. | |||
bi-i liuv-a-lic-u | |||
be-2SG adorable | |||
“You are adorable | |||
: liuvalicu bii | |||
: liuv-a-lic-u bi-i | |||
: adorable be-2SG | |||
: “Adorable is what you are.” | |||
In contrast, subordinate clauses (introduced by conjunctions like í, ei, si, or þande) follow a strict Verb-Final (VF) word order, where the finite verb is placed at the very end of the clause. | In contrast, subordinate clauses (introduced by conjunctions like í, ei, si, or þande) follow a strict Verb-Final (VF) word order, where the finite verb is placed at the very end of the clause. | ||
galuovo í, betese sarebbe si eta | : galuovo í, betese sarebbe si eta | ||
: ga=luov-o í betes-e sar-ebb-e si eta | |||
ga=luov-o í betes-e sar-ebb-e si eta | : think-1SG that better be-COND.3SG if it | ||
: crai togissimu. | |||
think-1SG that better be-COND.3SG if it | : crai tog-iss-imu | ||
: tomorrow do-SUBJ.IMPF.1PL | |||
crai togissimu. | : “I think that it would be better if we did it tomorrow.” | ||
crai tog-iss-imu | |||
tomorrow do-SUBJ.IMPF.1PL | |||
“I think that it would be better if we did it tomorrow.” | |||
Yes/no questions and direct commands use a Verb-First (V1) word order. Questions with an interrogative pronoun (e.g., vata) maintain the V2 structure, with the interrogative pronoun in the first position. | Yes/no questions and direct commands use a Verb-First (V1) word order. Questions with an interrogative pronoun (e.g., vata) maintain the V2 structure, with the interrogative pronoun in the first position. | ||
gai þú snele? | : gai þú snele? | ||
: ga-i þú snel-e | |||
: walk-2SG you fast | |||
: “Do you walk fast?” | |||
: togi þú svasvi qeþo! | |||
: tog-i þú svasvi qeþ-o | |||
: do-IMP.2SG you as say-1SG | |||
: “Do as I say!” | |||
: vata togi þú? | |||
: vata tog-i þú | |||
: what do-2SG you | |||
: “What are you doing?” | |||
vata togi þú? | |||
vata tog-i þú | |||
what do-2SG you | |||
“What are you doing?” | |||
Non-finite verb forms (infinitives, participles) and separable verb particles are placed at the end of the main clause. | Non-finite verb forms (infinitives, participles) and separable verb particles are placed at the end of the main clause. | ||
Sa mina fregionda è aþþa festa anaqemando. | : Sa mina fregionda è aþþa festa anaqemando. | ||
: s-a min-a fregi-ond-a è aþ=þa festa ana=qem-and-o | |||
s-a min-a fregi-ond-a è aþ=þa festa ana=qem-and-o | : the my friend is to=the party on=come-GER | ||
: “My friend is arriving (oncoming) at the party.” | |||
the my friend is to=the party on=come-GER | |||
: sa mina fregionda qemò aþþa festa ana. | |||
: s-a min-a fregi-ond-a qem-ò aþ=þa fest-a ana | |||
: the my friend came to=the party on | |||
: “My friend arrived (came on) at the party.” | |||
As a rule, the subject pronoun is omitted unless it is expressed for emphasis, clusivity or clarity. Double emphasis can be used. | As a rule, the subject pronoun is omitted unless it is expressed for emphasis, clusivity or clarity. Double emphasis can be used. | ||
snele bii þú. | : snele bii þú. | ||
: snel-e bi-i þú | |||
snel-e bi-i þú | : fast be-2SG you | ||
: “Fast is what you really are.” | |||
fast be-2SG you | |||
“Fast is what you really are.” | |||
====Case usage==== | ====Case usage==== | ||