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Kiryattic (/ˈkir.jæ.tɪk/ in the US or /ˈkir.jə.ˌtɪk/ in the UK, less often "Kiryish" /ˈkir.jɪʃ/) is a Finnic language spoken in Greece. Kiryattic is most distinguishable by the preservation of word final Proto-Finnic *k (as modern /ɣ/) and *h (as modern /k/).
Kiryattic (/ˈkir.jæ.tɪk/ in the US or /ˈkir.jə.ˌtɪk/ in the UK, less often "Kiryish" /ˈkir.jɪʃ/) is a Finnic language spoken in Greece. Kiryattic is most distinguishable by its loss of vowel harmony, as well as its preservation of word final Proto-Finnic *k (as modern /ɣ/) and *h (as modern /k/).
 


==Classification==
==Classification==
Kiryattic is a Finnic language, belonging to the Finnic branch of the Uralic family, making it related to Finnish, Estonian, and, more distantly, Hungarian. Kiryattic is one of the only Finnic languages that doesn't fit in the Finnic dialect continuum, as it's diverged enough to be distinctly separate. Despite this distance from the other Finnic languages, it still shares a notable amount of features, such as:
Kiryattic is a Finnic language, belonging to the Finnic branch of the Uralic family, making it related to Finnish, Estonian, and, more distantly, Hungarian. Kiryattic is one of the only Finnic languages that doesn't fit in the Finnic dialect continuum, as it's diverged enough to be distinctly separate. Despite this distance from the other Finnic languages, it still shares many features.
:Shared morphology:
:*An agglutinative structure, much like the other Uralic languages.
:*Case suffixes, such as -ν for the genitive, and -να/-νά for the essive.
:*Suffixes denoting the possession of the affixed noun.
:Shared basic vocabulary that shows mostly regular sound correspondence to the other Finnic languages.


The Defense Language Institute in Monterey, California, United States, classifies Kiryattic as a level III language in terms of difficulty for native English speakers, citing the sheer amount of morphology it possesses.
The Defense Language Institute in Monterey, California, United States, classifies Kiryattic as a level III language in terms of difficulty for native English speakers, citing the sheer amount of morphology it possesses.
Line 55: Line 51:
Kiryattic is believed to have split off from Proto-Finnic around 800AD, as the last language to do so. Following this is roughly 2 centuries of migration to Naissus, over which they'd pick up some influence from other languages along the way, notably Germanic and Slavic. This influence would be through loan words exclusively though, as no settlement stayed long enough to pick up more.
Kiryattic is believed to have split off from Proto-Finnic around 800AD, as the last language to do so. Following this is roughly 2 centuries of migration to Naissus, over which they'd pick up some influence from other languages along the way, notably Germanic and Slavic. This influence would be through loan words exclusively though, as no settlement stayed long enough to pick up more.


From roughly 1050AD to 1200AD, Kiryattic was spoken by the Kiryats in Naissus, where they'd pick up the first of their Greek influence, this was far more notable though, as they'd stay in Greece permanently, where Greek would start to influence grammar, mostly syntax, though it may be that the Greek influence was part of the development of the dual.
From roughly 1050AD to 1200AD, Kiryattic was spoken by the Kiryats in Naissus, where they'd pick up the first of their Greek influence, this was far more notable though, as they'd stay in Greece permanently, where Greek would start to influence grammar, mostly syntax.


After 1200AD, it seems they began moving towards Greek proper, where they'd eventually settle in Macedonia in 1327AD, an event thought to be recorded in some historic texts from the time that mention the arrival of a strange people who spoke differently from the local Greeks, though it seems the Kiryats were accepted by the locals, as it's likely they could speak Greek.
After 1200AD, it seems they began moving towards Greek proper, where they'd eventually settle in Macedonia in 1327AD, an event thought to be recorded in some historic texts from the time that mention the arrival of a strange people who spoke differently from the local Greeks, though it seems the Kiryats were accepted by the locals, as it's likely they could speak Greek.
Line 118: Line 114:
| n
| n
| ɲ
| ɲ
|  
| (ŋ)
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | Plosive
! rowspan=2 | Plosive
! Voiceless
| p
| p
|
|
Line 126: Line 123:
| c
| c
| k
| k
|-
! Voiced
| b
|
| d
| ɟ
| ɡ
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 | Fricative
! rowspan=2 | Fricative
! Voiceless
! Voiceless
| f
| f
| (θ)
| θ
| rowspan=2 | s~z
| rowspan=2 | s~z
| ç
| ç
Line 166: Line 170:
|-
|-
! Mid-Low
! Mid-Low
| ɛ
| ɛ(ː)
| ʌ
| ɔ
|-
|-
! Low
! Low
| a(ː)
| a(ː)
| ɑ(ː)
|  
|}
|}


===Orthography===
===Orthography===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Orthography
|+ Monographs
|-
|-
! Letter
! Letter
Line 185: Line 189:
| α
| α
| a
| a
| αλφα
| α
| /ɑ/
|-
| ά
| á
| ά
| /a/
| /a/
|-
|-
| β
| β
| v
| v
| βετα
| βε
| /v/
| /v/
|-
|-
| γ
| γ
| g
| g
| γαμμα
| γε
| /ɣ/
| /ɣ/
|-
|-
| δ
| δ
| d
| d
| δελτα
| δε
| /ð/
| /ð/
|-
|-
| ε
| ε
| e
| e
| επσιλον
| ε
| /e/
| /e/
|-
|-
Line 220: Line 219:
| ζ
| ζ
| z
| z
| ζετα
| ζε
| /z/
| /z/
|-
|-
| θ
| θ
| th
| th~þ
| θετα
| θε
| /θ/
| /θ/
|-
|-
| ι
| ι
| i
| i
| ιωτα
| ι
| /i/
| /i/
|-
|-
| ϊ
| ϊ
| ï
| ï
|  
| ϊο
| /j/, /ʲ/
| /j/, /ʲ/
|-
|-
| κ
| κ
| k
| k
| καππα
| κε
| /k/
| /k/
|-
|-
| λ
| λ
| l
| l
| λαμδα
| λε
| /l/
| /l/
|-
|-
| μ
| μ
| m
| m
| μυ
| με
| /m/
| /m/
|-
|-
| ν
| ν
| n
| n
| νυ
| νε
| /n/
| /n/
|-
|-
| ο
| ο
| o
| o
| ομικρον
| ο
| /o/
| /o/
|-
|-
| π
| π
| p
| p
| πι
| πε
| /p/
| /p/
|-
|-
| ρ
| ρ
| r
| r
| ρο
| ρε
| /r/
| /r/
|-
|-
| σ
| ς
| s
| s
| σιγμα
| ςε
| /s/
| /s/
|-
|-
| τ
| τ
| t
| t
| ταυ
| τε
| /t/
| /t/
|-
|-
| υ
| υ
| u
| u
| υπσιλον
| υ
| /u/
| /u/
|-
|-
| ϋ
| ϋ
| ü
| ü
|
| υ βενη¹
| /ʷ/
| /ʷ/
|-
|-
| φ
| φ
| f
| f
| φι
| φε
| /f/
| /f/
|-
|-
| χ
| χ
| h
| h
| χι
| χε
| /x/
| /x/
|-
|-
Line 306: Line 305:
| ō
| ō
| ω
| ω
| /ʌ/
| /ɔ/
|-
|}
 
:1: Literally "υ as β", referencing the /w/-like sound.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowel digraphs
|-
! Letters
! Transcription
! Pronunciation
|-
| αι
| ai
| /ai̯/
|-
| αυ
| au
| /au̯/
|-
| ει
| ei
| /ei̯/
|-
| ευ
| eu
| /eu̯/
|-
| οι
| oi
| /oi̯/
|-
| ου
| ou
| /ou̯/
|-
|}
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant digraphs
|-
! Letter
! Transcription
! Pronunciation
|-
| βπ
| vp
| /b/
|-
| γκ
| gk
| /g/
|-
| δτ
| dt
| /d/
|-
| νγ
| ng
| /ŋ(ɣ)/
|-
| νκ
| nk
| /ŋk/
|-
|-
|}
|}


It is important to note that handwritten Kiryattic often looks nothing like its displayed counterpart, as handwritten Kiryattic uses many unique letter forms, and also makes extensive use of ligatures and shorthand symbols, some of which are for Greek words, rather than native ones, as with the symbol for "και" often being used in place of native "ϊα" (though many younger speakers have replaced "ϊα" with "κάι")
Doubled letters are always long unless representing the coda position, where they're short, such as in "κϊαλϊλγ" /caʎʝ/.
 
A consonant followed by "ϊ" is always palatalized, in clusters, all consonants are palatalized, such as "λϊγκ" being /ʎɟ/. A general rule is only one "ϊ" per cluster, and it's always the earliest one, so if a compound would end up with "κϊλγϊ", it'll become "κϊλγ".


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
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|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| κϊάλη
| κϊαλη
| κϊάλη
| κϊαλη
| κϊάλη
| κϊαλη
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| κϊάλετ
| κϊαλετ
| κϊάλάτ
| κϊαλατ
| κϊάλϊτ
| κϊαλϊτ
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| κϊάλε
| κϊαλε
| κϊάλά
| κϊαλα
| κϊάλϊ
| κϊαλϊ
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| κϊάλελγ
| κϊαλελγ
| κϊάλάλγ
| κϊαλαλγ
| κϊάλϊγ
| κϊαλϊλγ
|-
|-
! Formal
! Formal
| κϊάλενη
| κϊαλενη
| κϊάλάνη
| κϊαλανη
| κϊάλϊνη
| κϊαλϊνη
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 380: Line 445:
! rowspan=3 | Plural
! rowspan=3 | Plural
! 1st
! 1st
| -μι
| -μϊ
|-
|-
! 2nd
! 2nd
| -σι
| -σϊ
|-
|-
! 3rd
! 3rd
| -κι
| -κϊ
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 403: Line 468:
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| χαρω
| χαρυ
| χαρωω
| χαρυυ
| χαρβω
| χαρβυ
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
Line 423: Line 488:
|-
|-
! Formal
! Formal
| χαρανω
| χαρανυ
| χαραανω
| χαραανυ
| χαρβονω
| χαρβονυ
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 438: Line 503:
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| ελάϊη
| ελαϊη
| ελάϊηη
| ελαϊηη
| ελάιϊη
| εληϊη
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| ελάϊάτ
| ελαϊατ
| ελάϊάάτ
| ελαϊατ
| ελάιϊετ
| εληϊετ
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| ελάϊά
| ελαϊα
| ελάϊάά
| ελαϊα
| ελάιϊε
| εληϊε
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| ελάϊάλγ
| ελαϊαλγ
| ελάϊάάλγ
| ελαϊααλγ
| ελάιϊελγ
| εληϊελγ
|-
|-
! Formal
! Formal
| ελάϊάνη
| ελαϊανη
| ελάϊάάνη
| ελαϊαανη
| ελάιϊενη
| εληϊενη
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 477: Line 542:
:Elative, Ablative, Translative: "-στη",  "-λτη", "-δη", replaced by "εγ", apparently from Ancient Greek "εκ".
:Elative, Ablative, Translative: "-στη",  "-λτη", "-δη", replaced by "εγ", apparently from Ancient Greek "εκ".
:Adessive: "-λλη", replaced by "πρη'", thought to be from Old Church Slavonic "pri".
:Adessive: "-λλη", replaced by "πρη'", thought to be from Old Church Slavonic "pri".
:Inessive: "-σση", replaced by "η", apparently from Ancient Greek "εν".
:Inessive: "-σση", replaced by "ε", apparently from Ancient Greek "εν".


===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
Line 500: Line 565:
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| μινω
| μινυ
| μινβω
| μινβυ
| μινϊη
| μινϊη
| ςινω
| ςινυ
| ςινβω
| ςινβυ
| ςινϊη
| ςινϊη
| ινω
| ινυ
| ινβω
| ινβυ
| ινϊη
| ινϊη
|-
|-
Line 513: Line 578:
| μινυτ
| μινυτ
| μινβατ
| μινβατ
| μινϊάτ
| μινϊατ
| ςινυτ
| ςινυτ
| ςινβατ
| ςινβατ
| ςινϊάτ
| ςινϊατ
| ινυτ
| ινυτ
| ινβατ
| ινβατ
| ινϊάτ
| ινϊατ
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| μινυ
| μινυ
| μινβα
| μινβα
| μινϊά
| μινϊα
| ςινυ
| ςινυ
| ςινβα
| ςινβα
| ςινϊά
| ςινϊα
| ινυ
| ινυ
| ινβα
| ινβα
| ινϊά
| ινϊα
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| μινυλγ
| μινυλγ
| μινβαλγ
| μινβαλγ
| μινϊάλγ
| μινϊαλγ
| ςινυλγ
| ςινυλγ
| ςινβαλγ
| ςινβαλγ
| ςινϊάλγ
| ςινϊαλγ
| ινυλγ
| ινυλγ
| ινβαλγ
| ινβαλγ
| ινϊάλγ
| ινϊαλγ
|-
|-
! Formal
! Formal
| μινυνω
| μινυνυ
| μινβανω
| μινβανυ
| μινϊάνη
| μινϊανη
| ςινυνω
| ςινυνυ
| ςινβανω
| ςινβανυ
| ςινϊάνη
| ςινϊανη
| ινυνω
| ινυνυ
| ινβανω
| ινβανυ
| ινϊάνη
| ινϊανη
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 580: Line 645:
! rowspan=3 | Singular
! rowspan=3 | Singular
! 1st
! 1st
| λόύτά
| λευτα
| λόύτϊε
| λευτϊε
| λόύτάδϊ
| λευταδ
| λόύτϊεδϊ
| λευτϊεδ
| λόύτάό
| λευταυ
| λόύτϊό
| λευτϊε
| λόύτάνε
| λευτανε
| λόύτϊενε
| λευτϊενε
| λόύτάά
| λευταα
|-
|-
! 2nd
! 2nd
| λόύτάτ
| λευτατ
| λόύτϊετ
| λευτϊετ
| λόύτάδϊτ
| λευταθ
| λόύτϊεδϊτ
| λευτϊεθ
| λόύτάότ
| λευταυτ
| λόύτϊότ
| λευτϊετ
| λόύτάνετ
| λευτανετ
| λόύτϊενετ
| λευτϊενετ
| λόύτάάτ
| λευταατ
|-
|-
! 3rd
! 3rd
| λόύτέ
| λευτη
| λόύτϊέ
| λευτϊη
| λόύτάδέ
| λευταδη
| λόύτϊεδέ
| λευτϊεδη
| λόύτάό
| λευταυ
| λόύτϊό
| λευτϊη
| λόύτάνέ
| λευτανη
| λόύτϊενέ
| λευτϊενη
| λόύτέέ
| λευτηη
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | Dual
! colspan=2 | Dual
| λόύτάδ
| λευταδ
| λόύτϊεδ
| λευτϊεδ
| λόύτάδϊδ
| λευταδ
| λόύτϊεδϊδ
| λευτϊεδ
| λόύτάόδ
| λευταυδ
| λόύτϊόδ
| λευτϊεδ
| λόύτάνεδ
| λευτανεδ
| λόύτϊενεδ
| λευτϊενεδ
| λόύτάάδ
| λευτααδ
|-
|-
! rowspan=3 | Plural
! rowspan=3 | Plural
! 1st
! 1st
| λόύτάνέ
| λευτανη
| λόύτϊενέ
| λευτϊενη
| λόύτάδϊνέ
| λευταζϊη
| λόύτϊεδϊνέ
| λευτϊεζϊη
| λόύτάόνέ
| λευταυνη
| λόύτϊόνέ
| λευτϊενη
| λόύτάνενέ
| λευτανενη
| λόύτϊενενέ
| λευτϊενενη
| λόύτάάνέ
| λευταανη
|-
|-
! 2nd
! 2nd
| λόύτάτέ
| λευτατη
| λόύτϊετέ
| λευτϊετη
| λόύτάδϊτέ
| λευταθη
| λόύτϊεδϊτέ
| λευτϊεθη
| λόύτάότέ
| λευταυτη
| λόύτϊότέ
| λευτϊετη
| λόύτάνετέ
| λευτανετη
| λόύτϊενετέ
| λευτϊενετη
| λόύτάάτέ
| λευταατη
|-
|-
! 3rd
! 3rd
| λόύτέέ
| λευτηη
| λόύτϊέέ
| λευτϊηη
| λόύτάδέέ
| λευταδηη
| λόύτϊεδέέ
| λευτϊεδηη
| λόύτάόέ
| λευταυη
| λόύτϊόέ
| λευτϊηη
| λόύτάνέέ
| λευτανηη
| λόύτϊενέέ
| λευτϊενηη
| λόύτέέ
| λευτηη
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | Participle
! colspan=2 | Participle
| λόύτάβέ
| λευταβη
| λόύτϊεβέ
| λευτϊεβη
| λόύτάδϊβέ
| λευταζη
| λόύτϊεδϊβέ
| λευτϊεζη
| λόύτάόβέ
| λευταυβη
| λόύτϊόβέ
| λευτϊεβη
| λόύτάνεβέ
| λευτανεβη
| λόύτϊενεβέ
| λευτϊενεβη
| λόύτάάβέ
| λευτααβη
|-
|-
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Negative
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Negative
Line 686: Line 751:
! rowspan=3 | Singular
! rowspan=3 | Singular
! 1st
! 1st
| λόύτάκε
| λευτακε
| λόύτϊεκε
| λευτϊεκε
| λόύτάδϊκε
| λευταχε
| λόύτϊεδϊκε
| λευτϊεχε
| λόύτάόκε
| λευταυκε
| λόύτϊόκε
| λευτϊεκε
| λόύτάνκε
| λευτανκε
| λόύτϊενκε
| λευτϊενκε
| λόύτάάκε
| λευταακε
|-
|-
! 2nd
! 2nd
| λόύτάκετ
| λευτακετ
| λόύτϊεκετ
| λευτϊεκετ
| λόύτάδϊκετ
| λευταχετ
| λόύτϊεδϊκετ
| λευτϊεχετ
| λόύτάόκετ
| λευταυκετ
| λόύτϊόκετ
| λευτϊεκετ
| λόύτάνκετ
| λευτανκετ
| λόύτϊενκετ
| λευτϊενκετ
| λόύτάάκετ
| λευταακετ
|-
|-
! 3rd
! 3rd
| λόύτάκέ
| λευτακη
| λόύτϊεκέ
| λευτϊεκη
| λόύτάδϊκέ
| λευταχη
| λόύτϊεδϊκέ
| λευτϊεχη
| λόύτάόκέ
| λευταυκη
| λόύτϊόκέ
| λευτϊεκη
| λόύτάνκέ
| λευτανκη
| λόύτϊενκέ
| λευτϊενκη
| λόύτάάκέ
| λευταακη
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | Dual
! colspan=2 | Dual
| λόύτάκεδ
| λευτακεδ
| λόύτϊεκεδ
| λευτϊεκεδ
| λόύτάδϊκεδ
| λευταχεδ
| λόύτϊεδϊκεδ
| λευτϊεχεδ
| λόύτάόκεδ
| λευταυκεδ
| λόύτϊόκεδ
| λευτϊεκεδ
| λόύτάνκεδ
| λευτανκεδ
| λόύτϊενκεδ
| λευτϊενκεδ
| λόύτάάκεδ
| λευταακεδ
|-
|-
! rowspan=3 | Plural
! rowspan=3 | Plural
! 1st
! 1st
| λόύτάκενέ
| λευτακενη
| λόύτϊεκενέ
| λευτϊεκενη
| λόύτάδϊκενέ
| λευταχενη
| λόύτϊεδϊκενέ
| λευτϊεχενη
| λόύτάόκενέ
| λευταυκενη
| λόύτϊόκενέ
| λευτϊεκενη
| λόύτάνκενέ
| λευτανκενη
| λόύτϊενκενέ
| λευτϊενκενη
| λόύτάάκενέ
| λευταακενη
|-
|-
! 2nd
! 2nd
| λόύτάκετέ
| λευτακετη
| λόύτϊεκετέ
| λευτϊεκετη
| λόύτάδϊκετέ
| λευταχετη
| λόύτϊεδϊκετέ
| λευτϊεχετη
| λόύτάόκετέ
| λευταυκετη
| λόύτϊόκετέ
| λευτϊεκετη
| λόύτάνκετέ
| λευτανκετη
| λόύτϊενκετέ
| λευτϊενκετη
| λόύτάάκετέ
| λευταακετη
|-
|-
! 3rd
! 3rd
| λόύτάκέέ
| λευτακηη
| λόύτϊεκέέ
| λευτϊεκηη
| λόύτάδϊκέέ
| λευταχηη
| λόύτϊεδϊκέέ
| λευτϊεχηη
| λόύτάόκέέ
| λευταυκηη
| λόύτϊόκέέ
| λευτϊεκηη
| λόύτάνκέέ
| λευτανκηη
| λόύτϊενκέέ
| λευτϊενκηη
| λόύτάάκέέ
| λευταακηη
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | Participle
! colspan=2 | Participle
| λόύτάκεβέ
| λευτακεβη
| λόύτϊεκεβέ
| λευτϊεκεβη
| λόύτάδϊκεβέ
| λευταχεβη
| λόύτϊεδϊκεβέ
| λευτϊεχεβη
| λόύτάόκεβέ
| λευταυκεβη
| λόύτϊόκεβέ
| λευτϊεκεβη
| λόύτάνκεβέ
| λευτανκεβη
| λόύτϊενκεβέ
| λευτϊενκεβη
| λόύτάάκεβέ
| λευταακεβη
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 781: Line 846:
As can be seen, Kiryattic has unique negative forms, these developed from the suffixation of Proto-Finnic *e- (negative verb) to the connegative form, these connegative forms were later lost, leaving only the negative forms.
As can be seen, Kiryattic has unique negative forms, these developed from the suffixation of Proto-Finnic *e- (negative verb) to the connegative form, these connegative forms were later lost, leaving only the negative forms.


In modern everyday speech, the imperative is often reduced down to the 1st person singular forms (Ex. "λόύτάά" and "λόύτάάκε") and a pronoun is used instead of inflecting, so "You will find" is "σινυ λόύτάά" in informal speech, while in proper speech it's "λόύτάάτ"
In modern everyday speech, the imperative is often reduced down to the 1st person singular forms (Ex. "λευτάά" and "λευτάάκε") and a pronoun is used instead of inflecting, so "You will find" is "σινυ λευτάά" in informal speech, while in proper speech it's "λευτάάτ"


The following table is the inflection of "-βέ", the participle ending.
The following table is the inflection of "-βη", the participle ending.


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;
|+ Inflection of "-βέ" (ά/άά/ιε pattern)
|+ Inflection of "-βη" (ά/άά/ιε pattern)
|-
|-
!
!
Line 794: Line 859:
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| -βέ
| -βη
| -βέέ
| -βηη
| -βϊέ
| -βϊη
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| -βάτ
| -βατ
| -βάάτ
| -βαατ
| -βϊετ
| -βϊετ
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| -βά
| -βα
| -βάά
| -βαα
| -βϊε
| -βϊε
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| -βάλγ
| -βαλγ
| -βάάλγ
| -βααλγ
| -βϊελγ
| -βϊελγ
|-
|-
! Formal
! Formal
| -βάνέ
| -βανη
| -βάάνέ
| -βαανη
| -βϊενέ
| -βϊενη
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 837: Line 902:
'''Formal''': Used to mark a state of being, or as "to be".
'''Formal''': Used to mark a state of being, or as "to be".


===Examples and Analysis===
===Comparison===
:'''μινω ϊοκενω ολη'''
====UDHR Article 1====
This example is the Biblical "I am what I am", though it reads extremely differently.
'''Kiryattic'''<br>
:1.SG.NOM REL.ESS be
κωκκη ιννιμιςε ςιννϊδη βαπαανυ και ςαμυ ε αρβολγ ϊυ ε δικϊεομβυ. ϊαρκη ϊυ ςινϊθς ινϊαλγ, και οφιλυ φερεςθωη ιςεγκϊλγ κϊινονϊανυ.
This would read as roughly "I am what is", though several more interpretive translations exist, such as "I am what all things exist through".
 
/kɔk.kɛ in.ni.mi.se siɲ.ðʲɛ va.pa:.nu kai sa.mu e ar.volɣ ju e ði.ce.om.vu | jar.kɛ ju siɲθʲsʲ i.ɲalɣ kai o.fi.lu fe.res.θɔ.ɛ i.seɟʎʝ ci.no.ɲa.nu/
 
'''Literal'''<br>
All human beings, if born, are free and equal in dignity and in rights. Reason and conscience to them, and they should act to themselves as a fellowship.
 
'''English'''<br>
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
 


[[category:Finnic languages]]
[[category:Finnic languages]]
[[category:Kiryaakattic language]]
[[category:Kiryaakattic language]]
[[category:uralic languages]]
[[category:uralic languages]]
Wfeozawra
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