Proto-Antarctican: Difference between revisions

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Proto-Antarctican (view source)

Revision as of 12:27, 7 March 2013

2,758 bytes added ,  7 March 2013
English, Japanese and Spanish loanwords added
(Added Grammar Sections)
(English, Japanese and Spanish loanwords added)
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*English postalveolar consonants have become palatalised alveolar in Proto-Antarctican.
*English postalveolar consonants have become palatalised alveolar in Proto-Antarctican.
*English /v/ merged into /b/ (or sometimes /w/), except for the cluster /vj/ (e.g. in "VIEW") which became /ɥ/.
*English /v/ merged into /b/ (or sometimes /w/), except for the cluster /vj/ (e.g. in "VIEW") which became /ɥ/.
*English /w/ (and sometimes /v/) became /ɥ/ before the "LAD" and "BAD" vowels e.g. English "wag" -> P.A. /ɥaːg/, English "vagabond" -> P.A. /ɥagːabõdo/.
*English /w/ (and sometimes /v/) became /ɥ/ before the "LAD" and "BAD" vowels e.g. English "wag" -> P.A. /ɥaːg/, English "vagabond" -> P.A. /ɥagːabõd/.
*English /h/ became /x/, except for the cluster /hj/ (e.g. in "HUMAN") which became /ç/.
*English /h/ became /x/, except for the cluster /hj/ (e.g. in "HUMAN") which became /ç/.
*If an English stressed short monophthong was immediately followed by an obstruent (with no consonants intervening), and then either a word boundary or another vowel (which could be epenthetic) after that, then that obstruent tended to become geminated e.g. English "book" -> P.A. /bukː/, English "office" -> P.A. /ʔofːʲis/. However this sound change was not consistent across the language e.g. English "brother" -> P.A. /buɫaza/, not /buɫazːa/.
*If an English stressed short monophthong was immediately followed by an obstruent (with no consonants intervening), and then either a word boundary or another vowel (which could be epenthetic) after that, then that obstruent tended to become geminated e.g. English "book" -> P.A. /bukː/, English "office" -> P.A. /ʔofːʲis/. However this sound change was not consistent across the language e.g. English "brother" -> P.A. /buɫaza/, not /buɫazːa/.
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*Japanese /ao/ became /au/ (i.e. took part in a chain shift with /au/.
*Japanese /ao/ became /au/ (i.e. took part in a chain shift with /au/.
*Japanese /ae/ merged into /ai/.
*Japanese /ae/ merged into /ai/.
*Japanese word final /iru/, /eru/, /oru/ and /uru/ became /iu/, /eu/, /ou/ and /uː/ respectively e.g. Japanese /kanjiru/ - to feel -> P.A. /kãdʲiu/, Japanese /nagareru/ - to flow -> P.A. /nagaɫeu/, Japanese /shiboru/ - to squeeze -> P.A. /sʲbou/, Japanese /tsuru/ - to hang -> P.A. /tsuː/.
*Japanese word final /iru/, /eru/, /oru/ and /uru/ became /iu/, /eu/, /ou/ and /uː/ respectively e.g. Japanese /kanjiru/ - to feel -> P.A. /kãdʲiu/, Japanese /nagareru/ - to flow -> P.A. /nagaɫeu/, Japanese /shiboru/ - to squeeze -> P.A. /sʲibou/, Japanese /tsuru/ - to hang -> P.A. /tsuː/.
*If the preceding sound change would create a tripthong, it was broken up into two syllables by inserting a semivowel (/w/ if the first vowel was back, and /j/ otherwise) e.g. Japanese /kazoeru/ -> to count -> P.A. /kazoweu/, Japanese /naoru/ - to get better -> P.A. /najou/.
*If the preceding sound change would create a tripthong, it was broken up into two syllables by inserting a semivowel (/w/ if the first vowel was back, and /j/ otherwise) e.g. Japanese /kazoeru/ -> to count -> P.A. /kazoweu/, Japanese /naoru/ - to get better -> P.A. /najou/.


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*Obstruents immediately after a stressed vowel were geminated where possible e.g. Spanish cabeza - head -> P.A. /kabesːa/.
*Obstruents immediately after a stressed vowel were geminated where possible e.g. Spanish cabeza - head -> P.A. /kabesːa/.
*If Spanish r is not before a vowel, it is deleted with lengthening of the preceding vowel e.g. Spanish pensar - to think -> P.A. /pe~saː/ - to be lost in deep thought.
*If Spanish r is not before a vowel, it is deleted with lengthening of the preceding vowel e.g. Spanish pensar - to think -> P.A. /pe~saː/ - to be lost in deep thought.
*If Spanish r is word initial, or doubled, then it changed to /z/ e.g. Spanish tierra - land -> P.A. /tʲeza/ - landscape.
*If Spanish r is word initial, or doubled, then it changed to /z/ e.g. Spanish tierra - land -> P.A. /teza/ - landscape.
*Otherwise, Spanish r merged into l.
*Otherwise, Spanish r merged into l.
*Before /i/, Spanish l (and single r) was changed to /ʎ/ e.g. Spanish Lima - Lima (in Peru) -> P.A. /ʎima/.
*Before /i/, Spanish l (and single r) was changed to /ʎ/ e.g. Spanish Lima - Lima (in Peru) -> P.A. /ʎima/.
*Before other vowels, Spanish l (and single r) was changed to /ɫ/ e.g. Spanish palo - stick -> P.A. /paɫo/. Spanish derecha - right (as in left/right) -> P.A. deɫetːʲa/.
*Before other vowels, Spanish l (and single r) was changed to /ɫ/ e.g. Spanish palo - stick -> P.A. /paɫo/. Spanish derecha - right (as in left/right) -> P.A. /deɫetːʲa/.
*If not before a vowel, Spanish l was vocalised. After /u/ it disappeared entirely, and after other vowels it created diphthongs ending in /u/ e.g. Spanish golpear - to hit -> P.A. /goupejaː/ - to suffer a setback.
*If not before a vowel, Spanish l was vocalised. After /u/ it disappeared entirely, and after other vowels it created diphthongs ending in /u/ e.g. Spanish golpear - to hit -> P.A. /goupejaː/ - to suffer a setback.
*Spanish /ʝ/ and non-syllabic /i/ both merged into /j/ before a vowel, and /i/ otherwise.
*Spanish /ʝ/ and non-syllabic /i/ both merged into /j/ before a vowel, and /i/ otherwise.
*Spanish non-syllabic /u/ became /w/ before a vowel e.g. Spanish huevos - eggs -> P.A. /webːos/. However, it coalesced with /x/ to become /f/ e.g. Spanish juego - game -> P.A. /fego/. If it came after any other consonant, an epenthetic /u/ was inserted e.g. Spanish fuego - fire -> P.A. /fuwego/
*Spanish non-syllabic /u/ became /w/ before a vowel e.g. Spanish huevos - eggs -> P.A. /webːos/. However, it coalesced with /x/ to become /f/ e.g. Spanish juego - game -> P.A. /fegːo/. If it came after any other consonant, an epenthetic /u/ was inserted e.g. Spanish fuego - fire -> P.A. /fuwegːo/
*Spanish /t/ and /d/ becomes /ts/ and /z/ before /u/.
*Spanish /t/ and /d/ becomes /ts/ and /z/ before /u/.
*Spanish /i/ always palatalised preceding consonants e.g. Spanish viuda - widow -> P.A. /bʲuda/.
*Spanish /i/ always palatalised preceding consonants e.g. Spanish viuda - widow -> P.A. /bʲudːa/.
*Spanish /e/ always depalatalised preceding consonants e.g. Spanish noche - night -> P.A. /notːe/.
*Spanish /e/ always depalatalised preceding consonants e.g. Spanish noche - night -> P.A. /notːe/.
*Spanish ea and eo became /eja/ and /ejo/ respectively.
*Spanish ea and eo became /eja/ and /ejo/ respectively.
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====Ejectives====
====Ejectives====


Clusters of glottal stop + obstruent became ejectives before a vowel with tense voice e.g. /'ʔkóuʔ/ - a little bit -> /kʼouʔ/.
Clusters of glottal stop + obstruent became ejectives before a vowel with tense voice e.g.  
 
 
/'ʔkóuʔ/ - a little bit -> /kʼouʔ/.
 
/ʔóuʔfʲéiʔ/ - office -> /ʔóufʼʲéiʔ/




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However, in similar circumstances, non-sibilant fricatives (i.e. everything other than /s/ and /z/) became approximants e.g. /teiɬɛ'ːʔ/ - shirt -> /teilɛ'ːʔ/.
However, in similar circumstances, non-sibilant fricatives (i.e. everything other than /s/ and /z/) became approximants e.g. /teiɬɛ'ːʔ/ - shirt -> /teilɛ'ːʔ/.


This sound change did not apply to ejective fricatives, which (apart from /sʼ/), became plain voiceless fricatives.
This sound change did not apply to ejective fricatives, which (apart from /sʼ/), became plain voiceless fricatives e.g. /ʔóufʼʲéiʔ/ - office - /ʔóufʲéiʔ/
 


====Glottal Codas====
====Glottal Codas====
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====Comitative Case====
====Comitative Case====
As similar development happened to the comitative case marker /mo/ -> /pmu/. After a modally voiced non-back vowel, it shifted the vowel and then vanished. Otherwise it remained as /pmu/ or /ʔu/
As similar development happened to the comitative case marker /mo/ -> /pmu/. After a modally voiced non-back vowel, it shifted the vowel and then vanished. Otherwise it remained as /pmu/ or /ʔu/.
 
 
==Sample Vocabulary==
 
Below is a list of words in Proto-Antarctican, along with their etymology and their counterparts in Antarctican:
 
 
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+Proto-Antarctican Vocabulary
 
|-
! Source Language !! Word in Source Language !! Meaning in Source Language !! Proto-Antarctican Word !! Antarctican Word !! Meaning in Antarctican
|-
| English || mile || mile || moju || muju || mile
|-
| English || vagabond || vagabond || ɥagːabõd || `ɥɘɦgɜɦpuɦ || vagabond
|-
| English || book || book || bukː || peiʔ || book
|-
| English || office || office || ʔofːʲis || ʔouʔfʲeiʔ || office
|-
| English || brother || brother || buɫaza || biʁaza || brother
|-
| Japanese || youfuku || clothes || joːfku || 'jaːʔki || clothes
|-
| Japanese || zubon || pants || zbõ || `boɵ || pants
|-
| Japanese || sakki || some time ago || sakː || saʔ || some time ago
|-
| Japanese || mazu || firstly || maz || `mɜɦ || firstly
|-
| Japanese || shiboru || to squeeze || sʲibou || ɬibou || squeeze
|-
| Japanese || kanjiru || to feel || kãdʲiu || kaɴdɮuː || to feel
|-
| Japanese || koutsu || traffic || koːs || koːuʔ || traffic
|-
| Japanese || kazoeru || to count || kazoweu || kazoweu || to count
|-
| Japanese || nagareru || to flow || nagaɫeu || naŋaʁeu || to flow
|-
| Japanese || naoru || to get better || najou || najou || to get better
|-
| Spanish || mañana || morning || manʲana || maɲana || morning
|-
| Spanish || cabeza || head || kabesːa || kapɛsa || head
|-
| Spanish || pensar || to think || pe~saː || pɘɴsaː || lost in deep thought
|-
| Spanish || tierra || land || teza || teza || landscape
|-
| Spanish || lima || Lima (in Peru) || ʎima || lima || Lima (in Peru)
|-
| Spanish || palo || stick || paɫo || paʁa || stick
|-
| Spanish || derecha || right (as in not left) || deɫetːʲa || tɛʔʁɛʔtɬe || right (as in not left)
|-
| Spanish || golpear || to hit || goupejaː || goupejeː || to suffer a setback
|-
| Spanish || huevos || eggs || webːos || `wɘɦpouʔ || egg
|-
| Spanish || juego || game || fegːo || wɘɦgu || game
|-
| Spanish || fuego || fire || fuwegːo || wɨɦwɘɦgu || fire
|-
| Spanish || viuda || widow || bʲudːa || pʲuɦda || widow
|}


[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:Proto-languages]][[Category:Antarctican]]
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:Proto-languages]][[Category:Antarctican]]
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