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Proto-Antarctican (view source)

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===Burmese===
===Burmese===
Another language which had heavy influence on Japanese was Burmese. Below are the sound changes of note that happened to Burmese loanwords in the language:
Another language which had heavy influence on Proto-Antarctican was Burmese. Below are the sound changes of note that happened to Burmese loanwords in the language:
*Vowels and diphthongs with low (modal) tone became lengthened word finally, and are short otherwise e.g. Burmese taungban - wing -> P.A. /tãubãː/.
*Vowels and diphthongs with low (modal) tone became lengthened word finally, and are short otherwise e.g. Burmese taungban - wing -> P.A. /tãubãː/.
*Vowels and diphthongs with high (breathy) tone become lengthened and followed by a voiced obstruent, usually /z/ e.g. Burmese du:gaung: - knee -> P.A. /duːzgãːuz/.
*Vowels and diphthongs with high (breathy) tone become lengthened and followed by a voiced obstruent, usually /z/ e.g. Burmese du:gaung: - knee -> P.A. /duːzgãːuz/.
*Vowels and diphthongs with the creaky tone become are lengthened. Word finally, a voiceless obstruent is inserted e.g. Burmese thi.shi. - know -> P.A. /sʲiːçiːc/ - wise
*Vowels and diphthongs with the creaky tone become are lengthened. Word finally, a voiceless obstruent is inserted e.g. Burmese thi.shi. - know -> P.A. /sʲiːçiːc/ - wise
*Vowels and diphthongs with the checked "tone" are pronounced short, and with whatever consonant is written in the Burmese orthography e.g. Burmese amelaik - hunt, P.A. /ʔameɫaik/. In the case of a monophthong in the last syllable of the word, the consonant is geminated e.g. Burmese naywet - ear -> P.A. /naiwetː/.
*Vowels and diphthongs with the checked "tone" are pronounced short, and with whatever consonant is written in the Burmese orthography e.g. Burmese amelaik - hunt, P.A. /ʔameɫaik/. In the case of a monophthong in the last syllable of the word, the consonant is geminated e.g. Burmese naywet - ear -> P.A. /naiwetː/.
*Burmese consonants are palatalised before /i/, and depalatalised before /e/ e.g. Burmese myetsi. - eye -> P.A. /metsʲit/.
*Burmese consonants are palatalised before /i/, and depalatalised before /e/ e.g. Burmese myetsi. - eye -> P.A. /metsʲiːt/.
*Burmese /ɔ/ centralised to schwa e.g. Burmese thittaw: - forest -> P.A. /sʲitːəːt/.
*Burmese /ɔ/ centralised to schwa e.g. Burmese thittaw: - forest -> P.A. /sʲitːəːz/.
*If a Burmese minor syllable both begins with an obstruent and is followed by an obstruent, the vowel in the minor syllable is deleted (as long as it would not violate Proto-Antarctican phonotactics), causing a consonant cluster e.g. Burmese thei na pati. - general -> P.A. /seinaptʲiːt/
*If a Burmese minor syllable both begins with an obstruent and is followed by an obstruent, the vowel in the minor syllable is deleted (as long as it would not violate Proto-Antarctican phonotactics), causing a consonant cluster e.g. Burmese thei na pati. - general -> P.A. /seinaptʲiːt/
*Burmese initial aspirated consonants become clusters of consonant + /x/ if non-palatalised e.g. Burmese hpoun - dust -> P.A. /pxoːu~/, Burmese hsabin - hair (of the human head) -> P.A. /sxabʲi~/. If they are palatalised, they become clusters with /ç/ instead e.g. Burmese hpyaun - straight -> P.A. /pʲçãːu/, Burmese yanhpyit - to fight -> P.A. /jãpʲçitː/ - battle.
*Burmese initial aspirated consonants become clusters of consonant + /x/ if non-palatalised e.g. Burmese hpoun - dust -> P.A. /pxoːu~/, Burmese hsabin - hair (of the human head) -> P.A. /sxabʲi~/. If they are palatalised, they become clusters with /ç/ instead e.g. Burmese hpyaun - straight -> P.A. /pʲçãːu/, Burmese yanhpyit - to fight -> P.A. /jãpʲçitː/ - battle.
*Burmese /l/ becomes /ɫ/, unless before /i/ or /j/, when it becomes /ʎ/.
*Burmese /l/ becomes /ɫ/, unless before /i/ or /j/, when it becomes /ʎ/.
*The alveo-palatal series of consonants become palatal e.g. Burmese yaukkya - man -> P.A. /jaucaː/ (remember Proto-Antarctican does not like geminated consonants after diphthongs).
*The alveo-palatal series of consonants become palatal e.g. Burmese yaukkya - man -> P.A. /jaucaː/ (remember Proto-Antarctican does not like geminated consonants after diphthongs).
*Burmese voiceless hl became /sʲ/ e.g. Burmese hle: - to lie down -> P.A. /sʲaː/.
*Burmese voiceless hl became /sʲ/ e.g. Burmese hle: - to lie down -> P.A. /sʲaːz/.
*Voiceless nasals become prestopped nasals e.g. Burmese hman - correct -> P.A. /pman/.
*Voiceless nasals become prestopped nasals e.g. Burmese hman - correct -> P.A. /pman/.
*Burmese /h/ became /x/.
*Burmese /h/ became /x/.
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*Thai /i/ palatalised any preceding consonants, or turned a glottal stop into /j/ e.g. Thai /səbaːidiː/ - good health / feeling -> P.A. /sabaːidʲiː/ - "all well".
*Thai /i/ palatalised any preceding consonants, or turned a glottal stop into /j/ e.g. Thai /səbaːidiː/ - good health / feeling -> P.A. /sabaːidʲiː/ - "all well".
*Thai /æ/ merged to /a/, but palatalised the preceding consonant in the exact same way e.g. Thai /bæŋ/ - separate -> P.A. /bʲã/.
*Thai /æ/ merged to /a/, but palatalised the preceding consonant in the exact same way e.g. Thai /bæŋ/ - separate -> P.A. /bʲã/.
*Thai /ɨ/ merged into /u/, but palatalised the preceding consonant in the exact same way e.g. Thai /sʲɨːsat/ - faithful -> P.A. /suːsad/.
*Thai /ɨ/ merged into /u/, but palatalised the preceding consonant in the exact same way e.g. Thai /sʲɨːsat/ - faithful -> P.A. /sʲuːsad/.
*Thai /ə/ merged with /a/ e.g. Thai /baŋʔəːn/ - by chance -> P.A. /bãʔãː/ - to stumble upon.
*Thai /ə/ merged with /a/ e.g. Thai /baŋʔəːn/ - by chance -> P.A. /bãʔãː/ - to stumble upon.
*Thai /ɔː/ centralised to /əː/ e.g. Thai /luːksɔːn/ - arrow, P.A. -> /ɫuːksəː~/
*Thai /ɔː/ centralised to /əː/ e.g. Thai /luːksɔːn/ - arrow, P.A. -> /ɫuːksəː~/
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*Thai /æːu/ became /ʲaːu/ e.g. Thai /mæːu/ - cat -> P.A. /mʲaːu/
*Thai /æːu/ became /ʲaːu/ e.g. Thai /mæːu/ - cat -> P.A. /mʲaːu/
*Thai /ia/ split into two syllables, becoming /ija/ e.g. Thai /siahaːi/ - destroyed -> P.A. /sʲijaxaːi/
*Thai /ia/ split into two syllables, becoming /ija/ e.g. Thai /siahaːi/ - destroyed -> P.A. /sʲijaxaːi/
*Thai /ua/ split into two syllables, becoming /uwa/ e.g. Thai /tua/ - body, figure -> P.A. /tuwa/.
*Thai /ua/ similarly split into two syllables, becoming /uwa/.
*Thai /ɨa/ split into two syllables, becoming /uɥa/ e.g. Thai /rɨa/ - boat -> P.A. /zuɥa/.
*Thai /ɨa/ split into two syllables, becoming /uɥa/ e.g. Thai /rɨa/ - boat -> P.A. /zuɥa/.
*Thai /iau/ split into two syllables, becoming /ijau/ e.g. Thai /tʰiau/ - go out / go on holiday -> P.A. /txijau/.
*Thai /iau/ split into two syllables, becoming /ijau/ e.g. Thai /tʰiau/ - go out / go on holiday -> P.A. /tʲçijau/.
*Thai /uai/ split into two syllables, becoming /uwai/ e.g. Thai /tuasuai/ - jinx -> P.A. /tuwasuwai/.
*Thai /uai/ split into two syllables, becoming /uwai/.
*Thai /ɨai/ split into two syllables, becoming /uɥai/ e.g. Thai /pɨai/ - falling apart -> P.A. /puɥai/.
*Thai /ɨai/ split into two syllables, becoming /uɥai/ e.g. Thai /pɨai/ - falling apart -> P.A. /puɥai/.


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*Final stops became voiced in syllables with low tone e.g. Thai /sàːk/ - pestle -> P.A. /saːg/. Otherwise they became voiceless e.g. Thai /sâːk/ - carcass -> P.A. /saːk/.
*Final stops became voiced in syllables with low tone e.g. Thai /sàːk/ - pestle -> P.A. /saːg/. Otherwise they became voiceless e.g. Thai /sâːk/ - carcass -> P.A. /saːk/.
*Word final stops were geminated after short vowels e.g. Thai /ʔaːtʰít/ - week -> P.A. /ʔaːtʲçit/.
*Word final stops were geminated after short vowels e.g. Thai /ʔaːtʰít/ - week -> P.A. /ʔaːtʲçit/.
*Final /m/ had an epenthetic /u/ added after it e.g. Thai /jɔːmpʰæː/ - give up -> P.A. /jəːmupçaː/ - surrender.
*Final /m/ had an epenthetic /u/ added after it e.g. Thai /jɔːmpʰæː/ - give up -> P.A. /jəːmupʲçaː/ - surrender.
*Other nasals disappeared at the end of syllables, nasalising the preceding vowel e.g. Thai /ʔajakaːn/ - prosecutor -> P.A. /ʔajakãː/ - to prosecute.
*Other nasals disappeared at the end of syllables, nasalising the preceding vowel e.g. Thai /ʔajakaːn/ - prosecutor -> P.A. /ʔajakãː/ - to prosecute.
*The evolution of affricates is unpredictable. Sometimes they became palatal, sometimes palatalised alveolar. The aspirated affricate either became a fricative or a voiceless stop. The unaspirated affricate either became a voiced or a voiceless stop.
*The evolution of affricates is unpredictable. Sometimes they became palatal, sometimes palatalised alveolar. The aspirated affricate either became a fricative or a voiceless stop. The unaspirated affricate either became a voiced or a voiceless stop.
*Apart from this, aspirated consonants behaved like in words from Burmese. They tended to become clusters of consonant + /x/ (or /ç if before /i/ or /j/) e.g. Thai /tʰai/ -> P.A. /txai/, Thai /kʰəjan/ - hard-working -> P.A. /cçã/.
*Apart from this, aspirated consonants behaved like in words from Burmese. They tended to become clusters of consonant + /x/ (or /ç if before /i/ or /j/) e.g. Thai /tʰai/ -> P.A. /txai/, Thai /kʰəjan/ - hard-working -> P.A. /cçã/.
*Outside of clusters, Thai /r/ fricativised to /z/ e.g. e.g. Thai /ʔərɔːi/ - tasty -> P.A. /ʔazoi/.
*Outside of clusters, Thai /r/ fricativised to /z/ e.g. e.g. Thai /ʔərɔːi/ - tasty -> P.A. /ʔazoi/.
*In a cluster, Thai /r/ became /aɫ/ e.g. Thai /kroːt/ - angry, P.A. /kaɫoːd/. However, before /i/, /ɨ/ and /æ/, it became /ʎ/ instead e.g. Thai - /priau/ - sour -> P.A. /paʎijau/.
*In a cluster, Thai /r/ became /aɫ/ e.g. Thai /kròːt/ - angry, P.A. /kaɫoːd/. However, before /i/, /ɨ/ and /æ/, it became /ʎ/ instead e.g. Thai - /priau/ - sour -> P.A. /paʎijau/.
*Outside a cluster, Thai /l/ became /ɫ/ e.g. Thai /leːu/ - bad, naughty -> P.A. /ɫeːu/. However, before /i/, /ɨ/ or /æ/, it became /ʎ/ e.g. Thai /kʰiːlɨːm/ - forgetful -> P.A. /cçiːʎuːmu/ - absent-minded.
*Outside a cluster, Thai /l/ became /ɫ/ e.g. Thai /leːu/ - bad, naughty -> P.A. /ɫeːu/. However, before /i/, /ɨ/ or /æ/, it became /ʎ/ e.g. Thai /kʰiːlɨːm/ - forgetful -> P.A. /cçiːʎuːmu/ - absent-minded.
*In a cluster, Thai /l/ became /eɫ/ normally e.g. Thai /pluːk/ - to plant -> P.A. /peluːg/. However, it became /eʎ/ before /i/ and /æ/ e.g. Thai - /plianplæːŋ/ - to change -> P.A. /peʎijãpeʎãː/.
*In a cluster, Thai /l/ became /eɫ/ normally e.g. Thai /pluːk/ - to plant -> P.A. /peluːg/. However, it became /eʎ/ before /i/ and /æ/ e.g. Thai - /plianplæːŋ/ - to change -> P.A. /peʎijãpeʎãː/.
*In a cluster, Thai /w/ became /aw/ e.g. Thai /kʰwaːi/ - water buffalo -> P.A. /kxawaːi/.
*In a cluster, Thai /w/ became /aw/ e.g. Thai /kʰwaːi/ - water buffalo -> P.A. /kxawaːi/.
*/ŋ/ became /g/ before a vowel, and disappeared with nasalisation of the preceding vowel otherwise e.g. Thai /ŋoŋŋuai/ - astonished -> P.A. /gõguwai/.
*/ŋ/ became /ŋg/ and then /g/ before a vowel, and disappeared with nasalisation of the preceding vowel otherwise e.g. Thai /ŋoŋŋuai/ - astonished -> P.A. /gõguwai/.
*While voiceless nasals are no longer a feature of spoken Thai (only being found in the written language), they were revived via spelling pronunciations and became prestopped nasals in Proto-Antarctican e.g. Thai /maːk/ - betel nut -> P.A. /pmaːg/.
*While voiceless nasals are no longer a feature of spoken Thai (only being found in the written language), they were revived via spelling pronunciations and became prestopped nasals in Proto-Antarctican e.g. Thai /maːk/ - betel nut -> P.A. /pmaːg/.
*Thai /h/ became /x/.
*Thai /h/ became /x/.
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===Origin of Glottal Codas===
===Origin of Glottal Codas===


*Clusters which ended in a non-alveolar fricative were broken up by inserting an epenthetic /a/ e.g. /pxõːu/ - dust -> /paxõʲu/, or /ʔaːtʲçit/ - week -> /ʔaːtʲaçit/
*Clusters which ended in a non-alveolar fricative were broken up by inserting an epenthetic /a/ e.g. /pxõːu/ - dust -> /paxõːu/, or /ʔaːtʲçit/ - week -> /ʔaːtʲaçit/
*Voiceless consonants that were not followed by a vowel became a glottal stop e.g. /seinaptʲiːt/ - general -> /seinaʔtʲiːʔ/. Note that this did not affect prestopped nasals, since they counted as a single consonant.
*Voiceless consonants that were not followed by a vowel became a glottal stop e.g. /seinaptʲiːt/ - general -> /seinaʔtʲiːʔ/. Note that this did not affect prestopped nasals, since they counted as a single consonant.
*Voiceless geminate consonants became sequences of glottal stop + consonant e.g. /kucːik/ - a female given name -> /kuʔciʔ/ (the above sound change also applies, changing the final /k/ into a glottal stop.
*Voiceless geminate consonants became sequences of glottal stop + consonant e.g. /kucːik/ - a female given name -> /kuʔciʔ/ (the above sound change also applies, changing the final /k/ into a glottal stop.
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=====After a Non-Palatalised Consonant=====
=====After a Non-Palatalised Consonant=====


After this, a second, anti-clockwise chain shift began with the fronting of short /u/ to /i/ e.g. /tuwasuwai/ - jinx -> /tiwasiwai/  The diphthong /ui/ became long /iː/ e.g. /pmui/ - cold (weather) -> /pmiː/ (note that these never created any new homophones because previously /i/ had only occurred before /j/ or a palatalised cononant.). Short /o/ was then raised to /u/ e.g. /doko/ - where -> /duku/.
After this, a second, anti-clockwise chain shift began with the fronting of short /u/ to /i/ e.g. /zuɥa/ - boat -> /ziɥe/ (the /a/ shifted to /e/ because of the preceding sound change). The diphthong /ui/ became long /iː/ e.g. /pmui/ - cold (weather) -> /pmiː/ (note that these never created any new homophones because previously /i/ had only occurred before /j/ or a palatalised cononant.). Short /o/ was then raised to /u/ e.g. /doko/ - where -> /duku/.


Finally, /oi/ and /oːi/ shifted to /ui/ and /uːi/ respectively e.g. /kamoːi/ - thief -> /kamuːi/, or /ʔazoi/ - tasty -> /ʔazui/.
Finally, /oi/ and /oːi/ shifted to /ui/ and /uːi/ respectively e.g. /kamoːi/ - thief -> /kamuːi/, or /ʔazoi/ - tasty -> /ʔazui/.
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The velarised alveolar lateral /ɫ/ lost its laterality and became uvular /ʁ/. The palatal lateral /ʎ/ became alveolar /l/ (which still has /ʎ/ as an allophone before high vowels).
The velarised alveolar lateral /ɫ/ lost its laterality and became uvular /ʁ/. The palatal lateral /ʎ/ became alveolar /l/ (which still has /ʎ/ as an allophone before high vowels).


Antarctican also acquired lateral obstruents /tɬ/, /dɮ/, /ɬ/ from the palatalised alveolar consonants /tʲ/, /dʲ/ and /sʲ/ respectively. The voiced palatalised fricative /zʲ/ was lost, merging into /dɮ/ respectively.
Antarctican also acquired lateral obstruents /tɬ/, /dɮ/, /ɬ/ from the palatalised alveolar consonants /tʲ/, /dʲ/ and /sʲ/ respectively. This was via an intermediate sound change to /tɕ/, /dʑ/ and /ɕ/ The voiced palatalised fricative /zʲ/ was lost, merging into /dʲ/, which then became /dʑ/ and finally /dɮ/.




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|-
|-
| Spanish || viuda || widow || bʲudːa || pʲuʱda || widow
| Spanish || viuda || widow || bʲudːa || pʲuʱda || widow
|-
| Burmese || taungban || wing || tãubãː || tauɴbaː || wing
|-
| Burmese || du:gaung: || knee || duːzgãːuz || ʱtɨuʱgɜːu || knee
|-
| Burmese || thi.shi. || to know || sʲiːçiːc || ɬiːjɘiˤ || wise
|-
| Burmese || amelaik || to hunt || ʔameɫaik || ʔaˤmɛˤʁaiˤ || prey
|-
| Burmese || naywet || ear || naiwetː || ˤnaiˤwɛˤ || ear
|-
| Burmese || myetsi || eye || metsʲiːt || ˤmɛˤɬɘiˤ || eye
|-
| Burmese || thittaw: || forest || sʲitːəːz || leiˤtoʱ || forest
|-
| Burmese || tei na pati. || general || seinaptʲiːt || sɛiˤnaˤtʼɬɘiˤ || general
|-
| Burmese || hpoun || dust || pxoːu~ || pɛχoːuɴ || dust
|-
|| Burmese || hsabin || hair (on the head) || sxabʲi~ || saxabʲiɴ || hair (on the head)
|-
| Burmese || hypaun || straight || pʲçãːu || pʲɘçaːuɴ || straight
|-
| Burmese || yanhpyit || to fight || jãpʲçitː || jɘɴpʲejeiˤ || battle
|-
| Burmese || yaukkya || man || jaucaː || jauceː || man
|-
| Burmese || hle: || to lie down || sʲaːz || lɘːʱ || to lie down
|-
| Burmese || hman || correct || pmã || pmaɴ || correct
|-
| Thai || /sʲɨːsat/ || faithful || /sʲuːsad/ || /ɬuːsɜʱ/ || faithful
|-
| Thai || /səbaːidiː/ || good health / feeling || sabaːidʲiː || sabaːidɮiː || all well
|-
| Thai || /bæŋ/ || separate || bʲã || bʲaɴ || separate
|-
| Thai || /baŋʔəːn/ || by chance || bãʔãː || bɛkŋaːɴ || to stumble upon
|-
| Thai || /ʔərɔːi/ || tasty || ʔazoi || ʔazui || tasty
|-
| Thai || /kətʰəːi/ || transsexual || katxei || kɛtɛxei || transsexual
|-
| Thai || /siahaːi/ || destroyed || sʲijaxaːi || ɬijɛxaːi || to destroy
|-
| Thai || /rɨa/ || boat || zuɥa || ziɥe || boat
|-
| Thai || /mæːu/ || cat || mʲaːu || mʲeːu || cat
|-
| Thai || /tʰiau/ || go out / go on holiday || tʲçijau || tɬɛçijeu || go out / go on holiday
|-
| Thai || /pɨai/ || falling apart || puɥai || piɥei || to fall apart
|-
| Thai || /sàːk/ || pestle || saːg || sɜːʱ || pestle
|-
| Thai || /sâːk/ || carcass || saːk || saːˤ || carcass
|-
| Thai || /ʔaːtʰít/ || week || ʔaːtʲçit || ʔɛːtɬejeiˤ || week
|-
| Thai || /wanʔaːtʰít/ || Sunday|| wãʔaːtʲçit || wɛkŋɛːtɬejeiˤ || Sunday
|-
| Thai || /jɔːmpʰæː/ || give up || jəːmupʲçaː || jɔmɨpʲɘçeː || surrender
|-
| Thai || /ʔajakaːn/ || prosecutor || ʔajakãː || ʔajɘkaːɴ || to prosecute
|-
| Thai || /kʰəjan/ || hard-working || cçã || cɘçaɴ || hard-working
|-
| Thai || /kròːt/ || angry || kaɫoːd || kɜʱʁuːʱ || angry
|-
| Thai || /priau/ || sour || paʎijau || palijeu || sour
|-
| Thai || /kʰiːlɨːm/ || forgetful || cçiːʎuːmu || cɘçiːloːmi || absent-minded
|-
| Thai || /leːu/ || bad, naughty || ɫeːu || ʁeːu || naughty
|-
| Thai || /plianplæːŋ/ || to change || peʎijãpeʎãː || pelijɛɴpeleːɴ || to change
|-
| Thai || /kʰwaːi/ || water buffalo || kxawaːi || kɛxawaːi || water buffalo
|-
| Thai || /ŋoŋŋuai/ || astonished || gõguwai || goɴgiwai || astonished
|-
| Thai || /maːk/ || betel nut || pmaːg || mɜːʱ || betel nut
|-
| Vietnamese || nhẵn || smooth || nʲaʔã || ɲeʔaɴ || smooth
|}
|}


[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:Proto-languages]][[Category:Antarctican]]
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:Proto-languages]][[Category:Antarctican]]
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