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Cumbraek: Difference between revisions
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===Vowels=== | ===Vowels & Diphthongs=== | ||
Cumbrek can be described as having three groups of vowel sounds: | |||
# the variant vowels, which have long and short forms | |||
# the long vowels, which arose historically from vowel sequences | |||
# the diphthongs | |||
The variant and long vowels are represented by the following inventory: | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 270px; text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 270px; text-align:center;" | ||
! style="width: 90px; "| | ! style="width: 90px; "| | ||
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| ɪ | | ɪ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | ʊ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Close-mid | ! style="" |Close-mid | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Near-open | ! style="" |Near-open | ||
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| | | | ||
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==== | All of Cumbrek's true diphthongs are falling and consist of a vowel + either /i̯/ or /u̯/. | ||
* Long vowels occur in monosyllables where the syllable ends in a single consonant or no consonant (-VC, -V) | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 270px; text-align:center;" | ||
* Short vowels occur in all polysyllables; in monosyllables ending in more than one consonant (-VCC(C)) and in proclitics | ! style="width: 90px; "| | ||
! style="width: 70px; " |+ i̯ | |||
! style="width: 70px; " |+ u̯ | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Near-close | |||
| | |||
| ɪu̯ | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Mid | |||
| əi̯ | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Open-mid | |||
| ɛi̯ ɔi̯ | |||
| ɛu̯ ɔu̯ | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Open | |||
| | |||
| au̯ | |||
|} | |||
====Variant Vowels==== | |||
Variant vowels may be long or short according to their environment. In most cases, except /a(ː)/, the short forms are more open than their long counterpart, much as in English. Both long and short sounds are represented by the same graph(s) (''a, e, i, o, oo, ou'' or ''u'') and vowel length must be determined by environment: | |||
* Long vowels occur only in monosyllables where the syllable ends in a single consonant or no consonant (-VC, -V), e.g. ''da'' /daː/, ''tek'' /teːk/. | |||
* Short vowels occur in all polysyllables; in monosyllables ending in more than one consonant (-VCC(C)) and in proclitics, e.g. ''gware'' /gwarɛ/, ''darn'' /daɾn/, ''in'' (proclitic) /ɪn/. | |||
Additionally, the vowel written ''u'' has a third variant form /ʌ/, which occurs in non-final syllables of polysyllablic words and in proclitics, e.g. ''Cumbrek'' /kʌmbrek/, ''du'' (proclitic) /dʌ/. In other short environments, the sound is /ʊ/, e.g. ''cumm'' /kʊm/, ''parun'' /paɾʊn/. | |||
Note that the digraphs ''th, dh'' and ''ch'' are considered to be single letters, so monosyllables ending with these sounds have long vowels, e.g. ''cath'' /kaːθ/. | |||
====Long Vowels==== | |||
The long vowels /aː/, /eː/ and /oː/ are always long and derive from the merger of earlier vowel sequences. Where the sequences ''ae, ee, oe'' occur in word-final position they take the primary stress. | |||
Long /ɔː/, which is sometimes realised as [oa], is usually only permitted to occur in monosyllables and is replaced by /ɔ/ in other environments (e.g. ''skoat'' "shadow" /skɔːt/, ''skodyon'' "shadows" /skɔdjon/). | |||
===Orthography=== | ===Orthography=== | ||