Antarctican/Verbs: Difference between revisions

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In the [[Antarctican]] language, there are no adjectives. Instead of adjectives meaning "red", "old" or "tall", there are verbs meaning "to be red", "to be old", "to be tall" etc. So instead of saying "the tall tree", you would say "the tree that is tall".
In the [[Antarctican]] language, there are no adjectives. Instead of adjectives meaning "red", "old" or "tall", there are verbs meaning "to be red", "to be old", "to be tall" etc. So instead of saying "the tall tree", you would say "the tree that is tall".


These verbs are clearly marked for transitivity (e.g. a different verb is used in the sentence "The door opened" compared to the sentence "I opened the door", and also inflect for whether they are putting focus on themselves or on nouns in the sentence (done via changing the end of the root). They also take infixes to indicate pronominal objects and voice changes (which is conflated with aspect marking). As well as this, they take prefixes to indicate pronominal subjects (which is conflated with tense marking).
These verbs are clearly marked for transitivity (e.g. a different verb is used in the sentence "The door opened" compared to the sentence "I opened the door".They also take infixes to indicate pronominal objects and voice changes (which is conflated with aspect marking). As well as this, they take prefixes to indicate pronominal subjects (which is conflated with tense marking).


<h3>Focus</h3>
<h3>Dependent and Independent Verbs</h3>


Verbs have a root form, from which various
Verbs have a root form, from which various
other base forms are derived. The two most important of these base forms are
other base forms are derived. The two most important of these base forms are
the verb-focus base and the noun-focus base. Below is a list of verb roots with their
the dependent base and the independent base. Below is a list of verb roots with their
corresponding verb-focus and noun-focus bases:
corresponding dependent and independent bases:


&nbsp;
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doleeju /dole&#720;&#607;u/ - to drag,
doleeju /dole&#720;&#607;u/ - to drag,
intransitive, verb-focus
intransitive, dependent


`tùlòoezi /&#689;tu&#689;l&#600;&#689;&#720;zi/ –
`tùlòoezi /&#689;tu&#689;l&#600;&#689;&#720;zi/ –
to drag, intransitive, noun-focus
to drag, intransitive, independent


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
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`ròedla /&#689;&#641;&#600;&#689;d&#622;a/ - red,
`ròedla /&#689;&#641;&#600;&#689;d&#622;a/ - red,
verb-focus
dependent


`ròedù /&#689;&#641;&#600;&#689;du&#689;/ - red,
`ròedù /&#689;&#641;&#600;&#689;du&#689;/ - red,
noun-focus
independent 


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
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'kiraeypyu /ki&#641;&#603;ip&#690;u/
'kiraeypyu /ki&#641;&#603;ip&#690;u/
- to become scraped, verb-focus
- to become scraped, dependent


'kiraypùe /ki&#641;a;ip&#616;&#689;/
'kiraypùe /ki&#641;a;ip&#616;&#689;/
- to become scraped, noun-focus
- to become scraped, independent


&nbsp;
&nbsp;


<h4>Verb-Focus Base</h4>
<h4>Dependent Base</h4>


This is used to put focus on the verb ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focus_(linguistics) ) i.e. when the most important "new" information that is being communicated to the listener is the action being done in the verb, rather than the nouns that are doing it or it is being done to.
This is used when the verb is describing the purpose or manner of another verb. How it is formed from the root is regular, but the rules are somewhat complex
How it is formed from the root is regular, but the rules are somewhat complex
and depend on whether the last syllable of the base begins with a soft or hard
and depend on whether the last syllable of the base begins with a soft or hard
consonant:
consonant:
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hli-õ /&#620;i&#660;&#596;/ - to perform,
hli-õ /&#620;i&#660;&#596;/ - to perform,
verb-focus
dependent


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
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éypyi-eey /&#660;ei&#740;p&#690;i&#660;e&#720;i/
éypyi-eey /&#660;ei&#740;p&#690;i&#660;e&#720;i/
- to spit out, verb-focus
- to spit out, dependent


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
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inyeli-aa /&#660;i&#626;eli&#660;a&#720;/
inyeli-aa /&#660;i&#626;eli&#660;a&#720;/
- to pierce, verb-focus
- to pierce, dependent


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
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kiveli-ewn /ki&#613;eli&#660;eu&#628;/ -
kiveli-ewn /ki&#613;eli&#660;eu&#628;/ -
to die, verb-focus
to die, dependent


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
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yuentolõ /j&#616;&#628;tol&#596;/ - to
yuentolõ /j&#616;&#628;tol&#596;/ - to
introduce oneself, verb-focus
introduce oneself, dependent


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
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nangaluu /na&#331;alu&#720;/ - to flow,
nangaluu /na&#331;alu&#720;/ - to flow,
verb-focus
dependent


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
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'kiramyu /&#740;ki&#641;am&#690;u/ - to
'kiramyu /&#740;ki&#641;am&#690;u/ - to
swell up, verb-focus
swell up, dependent


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
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imuepya /&#660;im&#616;p&#690;a/ - to sit
imuepya /&#660;im&#616;p&#690;a/ - to sit
down, verb-focus
down, dependent


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&nbsp;
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nuetoze /n&#616;toze/ - to be fed on, root
nuetoze /n&#616;toze/ - to be fed on, root


nitù /nitu&#689;/ - to be fed on, verb-focus
nitù /nitu&#689;/ - to be fed on, dependent




siboete /sib&#600;te/ - to all be present, root
siboete /sib&#600;te/ - to all be present, root


sipáe /sip&#603;&#740;/ - to all be present, verb-focus (remember that Antarctican does not like voiced obstruents before vowels with breathy voice).
sipáe /sip&#603;&#740;/ - to all be present, dependent (remember that Antarctican does not like plain voiced obstruents before vowels with breathy voice).


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
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`màotù /&#689;m&#604;&#689;tu&#689;/ - to give
`màotù /&#689;m&#604;&#689;tu&#689;/ - to give
birth, intransitive, verb-focus
birth, intransitive, dependent


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
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`nyùue /&#689;&#626;&#616;&#720;&#689;/ - to snow,
`nyùue /&#689;&#626;&#616;&#720;&#689;/ - to snow,
verb-focus
dependent


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
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sàon-gùe /s&#604;&#689;&#628;g&#616;&#689;/
sàon-gùe /s&#604;&#689;&#628;g&#616;&#689;/
- to bleed, verb-focus
- to bleed, dependent


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
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daraeke /da&#641;&#603;ke/ - to cover, root
daraeke /da&#641;&#603;ke/ - to cover, root


tárá /ta&#740;&#641;a&#740;/ - to cover, verb-focus
tárá /ta&#740;&#641;a&#740;/ - to cover, dependent


&nbsp;
&nbsp;




<h4>Noun-Focus Base</h4>
<h4>Independent Base</h4>


This is used to put focus on the (non-topicalised)
This is used in all other cases. Whenever there is a dependent verb, it must be followed by an independent verb, but the converse is not true.
noun(s) in the sentence.


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éypyùey /&#660;ei&#740;p&#690;&#616;i&#689;/
éypyùey /&#660;ei&#740;p&#690;&#616;i&#689;/
- to spit out, noun-focus
- to spit out, independent


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
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gowpòeyòoe /goup&#600;&#689;j&#600;&#720;&#689;/
gowpòeyòoe /goup&#600;&#689;j&#600;&#720;&#689;/
- to suffer a setback, noun-focus
- to suffer a setback, independent


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
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ùenyòelòoe /&#660;&#616;&#689;&#626;&#600;&#689;le&#720;/
ùenyòelòoe /&#660;&#616;&#689;&#626;&#600;&#689;le&#720;/
- to pierce, noun-focus
- to pierce, independent


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
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kùevòelùun /k&#616;&#689;&#613;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#628;&#689;/
kùevòelùun /k&#616;&#689;&#613;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#628;&#689;/
- to die, noun-focus
- to die, independent


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
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hlõ /&#620;&#596;/ - to perform, root
hlõ /&#620;&#596;/ - to perform, root


lào /l&#604;&#689;/ - to perform, noun-focus
lào /l&#604;&#689;/ - to perform, independent


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
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`màotùsòe /&#689;m&#604;&#689;tu&#689;s&#600;&#689;/
`màotùsòe /&#689;m&#604;&#689;tu&#689;s&#600;&#689;/
- to give birth, intransitive, noun-focus
- to give birth, intransitive, independent


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
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`nyùeypòe /&#689;&#626;&#616;ip&#600;&#689;/ - to
`nyùeypòe /&#689;&#626;&#616;ip&#600;&#689;/ - to
snow, noun-focus
snow, independent


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
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sàonkùesòe /s&#604;&#628;&#689;k&#616;&#689;s&#604;&#689;/
sàonkùesòe /s&#604;&#628;&#689;k&#616;&#689;s&#604;&#689;/
- to bleed, noun-focus
- to bleed, independent


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
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yintùrào /ji&#628;tu&#689;&#641;&#604;&#689;/
yintùrào /ji&#628;tu&#689;&#641;&#604;&#689;/
- to introduce oneself, noun-focus
- to introduce oneself, independent


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
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imuepu /&#660;im&#616;pu/ - to sit down, root
imuepu /&#660;im&#616;pu/ - to sit down, root


imipù /&#660;imipu&#689;/ - to sit down, noun-focus
imipù /&#660;imipu&#689;/ - to sit down, independent


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
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nitùsòe /nitu&#689;s&#600;&#689;/ - to be
nitùsòe /nitu&#689;s&#600;&#689;/ - to be
fed on, noun-focus
fed on, independent


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
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pensàao /pe&#628;s&#604;&#720;&#689;/ - to
pensàao /pe&#628;s&#604;&#720;&#689;/ - to
be lost in deep thought, noun-focus
be lost in deep thought, independent


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
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'kiraypùe /ki&#641;aip&#616;&#689;/
'kiraypùe /ki&#641;aip&#616;&#689;/
- to become scraped, noun-focus
- to become scraped, independent


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
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tùlòoezi /tu&#689;l&#600;&#720;&#689;zi/ –
tùlòoezi /tu&#689;l&#600;&#720;&#689;zi/ –
to drag, intransitive, noun-focus (-gùe has been replaced with -zi).
to drag, intransitive, independent (-gùe has been replaced with -zi).


&nbsp;
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pùelùezi /p&#616;&#689;l&#616;&#689;zi/ -
pùelùezi /p&#616;&#689;l&#616;&#689;zi/ -
to make it across, noun-focus
to make it across, independent
 
&nbsp;
 
This process happens under well defined
conditions. Both of the last two syllables of the verb root must have modal
voice. Also the final vowel must be a short /i/ and not followed by a nasal
vowel. The consonant immediately before this must be a voiced obstruent. And,
in the proto-language, the verb root must have had pitch-accent on any syllable
other than the final one.


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
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<h3>Restrictive / Non-Restrictive Modifiers</h3>
<h3>Restrictive / Non-Restrictive Modifiers</h3>


When verbs / adjectives are used as modifiers, the verb-focus form is used when the modifier
When verbs / adjectives are used as modifiers, the dependent form is used when the modifier
is non restrictive ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restrictiveness ), and the
is non restrictive ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restrictiveness ), and the
noun-focus form is used when the modifier is restrictive e.g. from the work teyláae
independent form is used when the modifier is restrictive e.g. from the work teyláae
/teil&#603;&#740;&#720;/ - shirt, we can say:
/teil&#603;&#740;&#720;/ - shirt, we can say:


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&nbsp;
&nbsp;


doleeju /dole&#720;&#607;u/ - to drag, intransitive, verb-focus (as in "his pants were dragging along the ground")
doleeju /dole&#720;&#607;u/ - to drag, intransitive, dependent (as in "his pants were dragging along the ground")


dleeju
dleeju
/d&#622;e&#720;&#607;u/ - to drag, transitive, verb-focus (as in "he was dragging his pants along the ground")
/d&#622;e&#720;&#607;u/ - to drag, transitive, dependent (as in "he was dragging his pants along the ground")


&nbsp;
&nbsp;


`tùlòoezi /&#689;tu&#689;l&#600;&#689;&#720;zi/ – to drag, intransitive,
`tùlòoezi /&#689;tu&#689;l&#600;&#689;&#720;zi/ – to drag, intransitive,
noun-focus
independent


`tlòoezi
`tlòoezi
/&#689;t&#620;&#600;&#689;&#720;zi/– to drag, transitive, noun-focus
/&#689;t&#620;&#600;&#689;&#720;zi/– to drag, transitive, independent


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
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&nbsp;
&nbsp;


The transitive roots are then inflected for focus e.g.
The transitive roots are then inflected for dependent vs. independent e.g.


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
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/çina&#641;i/ - to twist, intransitive, root
/çina&#641;i/ - to twist, intransitive, root


shinali /çinali/ - to twist, intransitive, verb-focus
shinali /çinali/ - to twist, intransitive, dependent


yùenàorùe
yùenàorùe
/j&#616;&#689;n&#604;&#689;&#641;&#616;&#689;/ - to twist, intransitive,
/j&#616;&#689;n&#604;&#689;&#641;&#616;&#689;/ - to twist, intransitive,
noun-focus
independent


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
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hali
hali
/&#967;ali/ - to twist, transitive, verb-focus
/&#967;ali/ - to twist, transitive, dependent


ràorùe
ràorùe
/&#641;&#604;&#689;&#641;&#616;&#689;/ - to twist, transitive, noun-focus
/&#641;&#604;&#689;&#641;&#616;&#689;/ - to twist, transitive, independent




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damaehlu /dam&#603;&#620;u/ - to scam / swindle, verb-focus
damaehlu /dam&#603;&#620;u/ - to scam / swindle, dependent


dõsamaehlu /d&#596;sam&#603;&#620;u/ - to scam / swindle you, verb-focus
dõsamaehlu /d&#596;sam&#603;&#620;u/ - to scam / swindle you, dependent




damaehlu /dam&#603;&#620;u/ - to scam, verb-focus
damaehlu /dam&#603;&#620;u/ - to scam, dependent


demamaehlu /dem&#603;&#620;u/ - to scam me / us (not including you), verb-focus
demamaehlu /dem&#603;&#620;u/ - to scam me / us (not including you), dependent




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pyùu /p&#690;u&#720;&#689;/ - to purify, noun-focus
pyùu /p&#690;u&#720;&#689;/ - to purify, independent


pyùemyùu /p&#690;&#616;&#689;mp&#690;u&#720;&#689;/ - to purify me / us (not including you, noun-focus
pyùemyùu /p&#690;&#616;&#689;mp&#690;u&#720;&#689;/ - to purify me / us (not including you, independent


pyòelùu /p&#690;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#689;/ - to purify who, noun-focus
pyòelùu /p&#690;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#689;/ - to purify who, independent




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damaehlu /dam&#603;&#620;u/ - to scam / swindle, verb-focus
damaehlu /dam&#603;&#620;u/ - to scam / swindle, dependent


daesamaehlu /d&#603;sam&#603;&#620;u/ - to scam / swindle us (including you), verb-focus
daesamaehlu /d&#603;sam&#603;&#620;u/ - to scam / swindle us (including you), dependent


deramaehlu /de&#641;am&#603;&#620;u/ - to scam / swindle oneself, verb-focus
deramaehlu /de&#641;am&#603;&#620;u/ - to scam / swindle oneself, dependent




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pyùu /p&#690;u&#720;&#689;/ - to purify,
pyùu /p&#690;u&#720;&#689;/ - to purify,
noun-focus
independent


pyolùu /p&#690;&#596;lu&#720;&#689;/ - to purify you, noun-focus
pyolùu /p&#690;&#596;lu&#720;&#689;/ - to purify you, independent


pyelùu /p&#690;elu&#720;&#689;/ - to purify
pyelùu /p&#690;elu&#720;&#689;/ - to purify
ourselves (including you), noun-focus
ourselves (including you), independent




The last example this is distinct
The last example this is distinct
from pyòelùu /p&#690;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#689;/ - to purify who,
from pyòelùu /p&#690;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#689;/ - to purify who,
noun-focus, which has breathy voice spreading onto the infix.
independent, which has breathy voice spreading onto the infix.


Note that, for the purposes of the syntax, using any of these infixes turns a transitive verb into an intransitive verb. This means that the subject of such an infixed verb can no longer take ergative case e.g.
Note that, for the purposes of the syntax, using any of these infixes turns a transitive verb into an intransitive verb. This means that the subject of such an infixed verb can no longer take ergative case e.g.
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*yuenpiloy /j&#616;&#628;piloi/ - employee, ergative
*yuenpiloy /j&#616;&#628;piloi/ - employee, ergative
*sõwdla - /s&#596;ud&#622;/ - soldier, absolutive
*sõwdla - /s&#596;ud&#622;/ - soldier, absolutive
*damasùe - /damas&#616;&#689;/ - to scam / swindle, noun-focus
*damasùe - /damas&#616;&#689;/ - to scam / swindle, independent




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inyeli-aa /&#660;i&#626;eli&#660;a&#720;/ - to pierce, verb-focus
inyeli-aa /&#660;i&#626;eli&#660;a&#720;/ - to pierce, dependent


ówsinyeli-aa /&#660;ou&#740;si&#626;eli&#660;a&#720;/ - to pierce, verb-focus, perfective antipassive
ówsinyeli-aa /&#660;ou&#740;si&#626;eli&#660;a&#720;/ - to pierce, dependent, perfective antipassive




kiveliqewn /ki&#613;eli&#660;eu&#628;/ - to die, verb-focus
kiveliqewn /ki&#613;eli&#660;eu&#628;/ - to die, dependent


kówsiveli-ewn /kou&#740;si&#613;eli&#660;eu&#628;/ - to die, verb-focus, perfective antipassive
kówsiveli-ewn /kou&#740;si&#613;eli&#660;eu&#628;/ - to die, dependent, perfective antipassive




'kátla /&#740;ka&#740;t&#620;a/ - to make someone's acquaintance, verb focus
'kátla /&#740;ka&#740;t&#620;a/ - to make someone's acquaintance, dependent


'kówsátla /&#740;kou&#740;sa&#740;t&#620;a/ - to make someone's acquaintance, verb-focus, perfective antipassive
'kówsátla /&#740;kou&#740;sa&#740;t&#620;a/ - to make someone's acquaintance, dependent, perfective antipassive




éypyi-eey /&#660;ei&#740;p&#690;i&#660;e&#720;i/ - to spit out, verb-focus
éypyi-eey /&#660;ei&#740;p&#690;i&#660;e&#720;i/ - to spit out, dependent


ówséypyi-eey /&#660;ou&#740;sei&#740;p&#690;i&#660;e&#720;i/ - to spit out, verb-focus, perfective antipassive
ówséypyi-eey /&#660;ou&#740;sei&#740;p&#690;i&#660;e&#720;i/ - to spit out, dependent, perfective antipassive




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*wonnye /wo&#628;&#626;e/ - to want (something), verb-focus
*wonnye /wo&#628;&#626;e/ - to want (something), dependent
*'wátonnye /&#740;wa&#740;to&#628;&#626;e/ - to want (to do something / something to happen), verb-focus
*'wátonnye /&#740;wa&#740;to&#628;&#626;e/ - to want (to do something / something to happen), dependent




*chi-iin /ci&#660;i&#720;&#628;/ - to fear (something), verb-focus
*chi-iin /ci&#660;i&#720;&#628;/ - to fear (something), dependent
*cháetli-iin /c&#603;&#740;t&#620;i&#660;i&#720;&#628;/ - to fear (that something will happen), verb-focus
*cháetli-iin /c&#603;&#740;t&#620;i&#660;i&#720;&#628;/ - to fear (that something will happen), dependent




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wonnye /wo&#628;&#626;e/ - to want, verb focus
wonnye /wo&#628;&#626;e/ - to want, dependent


wowonnye /wowo&#628;&#626;e/ - to want each other, verb focus
wowonnye /wowo&#628;&#626;e/ - to want each other, dependent




darakòe /da&#641;ak&#600;&#689;/ - to cover, noun-focus
darakòe /da&#641;ak&#600;&#689;/ - to cover, independent


dadarakòe /dada&#641;ak&#600;&#689;/ - to cover each other, noun-focus
dadarakòe /dada&#641;ak&#600;&#689;/ - to cover each other, independent




shuetinju /&#231;&#616;ti&#628;&#607;u/ - to count, verb focus
shuetinju /&#231;&#616;ti&#628;&#607;u/ - to count, dependent


shueshuetinju /&#231;&#616;&#231;&#616;ti&#628;&#607;u/ - to count each other, verb focus
shueshuetinju /&#231;&#616;&#231;&#616;ti&#628;&#607;u/ - to count each other, dependent




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ziitlàoji /zi&#720;t&#620;&#604;&#689;&#607;i/ - to know (a person), verb-focus
ziitlàoji /zi&#720;t&#620;&#604;&#689;&#607;i/ - to know (a person), dependent


ziziitlàoji /zizi&#720;t&#620;&#604;&#689;&#607;i/ - to know each other, verb-focus
ziziitlàoji /zizi&#720;t&#620;&#604;&#689;&#607;i/ - to know each other, dependent




yinwùumùe /ji&#628;wu&#720;&#689;m&#616;/ - to turn in, noun-focus
yinwùumùe /ji&#628;wu&#720;&#689;m&#616;/ - to turn in, independent


yiyinwùumùe /jiji&#628;wu&#720;&#689;m&#616;/ - to turn each other in, noun-focus
yiyinwùumùe /jiji&#628;wu&#720;&#689;m&#616;/ - to turn each other in, independent




kaaeykyu /k&#603;&#720;i&k#690;u/ - to sell, verb-focus
kaaeykyu /k&#603;&#720;i&k#690;u/ - to sell, dependent


kaekaaeykyu /k&#603;k&#603;&#720;ik&#690;u/ - to sell each other, verb-focus
kaekaaeykyu /k&#603;k&#603;&#720;ik&#690;u/ - to sell each other, dependent




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'kátla /&#740;ka&#740;t&#620;a/ - to make someone's acquaintance, verb focus
'kátla /&#740;ka&#740;t&#620;a/ - to make someone's acquaintance, dependent


'kákátla /&#740;ka&#740;ka&#740;t&#620;a/ - to make each other's acquaintance, verb focus
'kákátla /&#740;ka&#740;ka&#740;t&#620;a/ - to make each other's acquaintance, dependent




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'kamyu /&#740;kam&#690;u/ - to inflate (someone's ego), verb-focus
'kamyu /&#740;kam&#690;u/ - to inflate (someone's ego), dependent


'kákamyu /&#740;ka&#740;kam&#690;u/ - to inflate each other('s ego), verb-focus
'kákamyu /&#740;ka&#740;kam&#690;u/ - to inflate each other('s ego), dependent




'kaypùe /&#740;kaip&#616;&#689;/ - to scrape, noun-focus
'kaypùe /&#740;kaip&#616;&#689;/ - to scrape, independent


'kákaypùe /&#740;ka&#740;kaip&#616;&#689;/ - to scrape each other, noun-focus
'kákaypùe /&#740;ka&#740;kaip&#616;&#689;/ - to scrape each other, independent




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'puytlù /&#740;puit&#620;u&#689;/ - to pick a fight, noun-focus
'puytlù /&#740;puit&#620;u&#689;/ - to pick a fight, independent


'póyputlu /&#740;poi&#740;puit&#620;u&#689;/ - to pick a fight with each other, noun-focus
'póyputlu /&#740;poi&#740;puit&#620;u&#689;/ - to pick a fight with each other, independent




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hali /&#967;ali/ - to twist, transitive, verb-focus
hali /&#967;ali/ - to twist, transitive, dependent


haehali /&#967;&#603;&#967;ali/ - to twist, transitive, verb-focus
haehali /&#967;&#603;&#967;ali/ - to twist, transitive, dependent




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ràorùe /&#641;&#604;&#689;&#641;&#616;&#689;/ - to twist, transitive, noun-focus
ràorùe /&#641;&#604;&#689;&#641;&#616;&#689;/ - to twist, transitive, independent


haràorùe /&#967;a&#641;&#604;&#689;&#641;&#616;&#689;/ - to twist each other, transitive, noun-focus
haràorùe /&#967;a&#641;&#604;&#689;&#641;&#616;&#689;/ - to twist each other, transitive, independent




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wòenzi /w&#600;&#628;&#689;/ - to befriend, noun-focus
wòenzi /w&#600;&#628;&#689;/ - to befriend, independent


fiwòenzi /fiw&#600;&#628;&#689;/ - to befriend each other, noun-focus
fiwòenzi /fiw&#600;&#628;&#689;/ - to befriend each other, independent




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chisàon-gùe /cis&#604;&#689;&#628;g&#616;&#689;/ you bleed, verb-focus
chisàon-gùe /cis&#604;&#689;&#628;g&#616;&#689;/ you bleed, dependent
 
chiisàon-gùe /ci&#720;s&#604;&#689;&#628;g&#616;&#689;/ you (emphatic) bleed, verb-focus
 


However, the emphatic forms cannot be used with noun-focus forms, so while chisàonkùesòe /cis&#604;&#628;&#689;k&#616;&#689;s&#604;&#689;/ - to bleed, noun-focus is grammatical, chiisàonkùesòe /ci&#720;s&#604;&#628;&#689;k&#616;&#689;s&#604;&#689;/ would not be.
chiisàon-gùe /ci&#720;s&#604;&#689;&#628;g&#616;&#689;/ you (emphatic) bleed, dependent




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pyõhli-uu /p&#690;&#596;&#620;i&#660;u&#720;/ - purify you, verb focus
pyõhli-uu /p&#690;&#596;&#620;i&#660;u&#720;/ - purify you, dependent


pyõohli-uu /p&#690;&#596;&#720;&#620;i&#660;u&#720;/ - purify you (emphatic), verb focus
pyõohli-uu /p&#690;&#596;&#720;&#620;i&#660;u&#720;/ - purify you (emphatic), dependent
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