Antarctican/Verbs: Difference between revisions

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Antarctican/Verbs (view source)

Revision as of 14:23, 25 March 2013

429 bytes added ,  25 March 2013
Added more detail on use of dependent verbs
(Changed "focus" to "dependent")
(Added more detail on use of dependent verbs)
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'kiraypùe /kiʁa;ipɨʱ/
'kiraypùe /kiʁa;ipɨʱ/
- to become scraped, independent  
- to become scraped, independent  
 
<h4>Independent Base</h4>
This is the form of the verb that is used normally. Whenever there is a dependent verb, it must be followed by an independent verb, but the converse is not true.
&nbsp;
<h5>Regular Formation</h5>
The default way of forming it is by putting
breathy voice on the final vowel of the base, and changing the vowel quality in
the same way as normal e.g.
&nbsp;
éypyii /&#660;ei&#660;p&#690;i&#720;/ -
to spit out, root
éypyùey /&#660;ei&#740;p&#690;&#616;i&#689;/
- to spit out, independent
&nbsp;
This breathy voice “spreads” to the left
until it hits a voiceless obstruent or a prestopped nasal e.g.
&nbsp;
gowpeyee /goupeje&#720;/ - to suffer a
setback, root
gowpòeyòoe /goup&#600;&#689;j&#600;&#720;&#689;/
- to suffer a setback, independent
&nbsp;
inyelee /&#660;i&#626;ele&#720;/ - to
pierce, root
ùenyòelòoe /&#660;&#616;&#689;&#626;&#600;&#689;le&#720;/
- to pierce, independent
&nbsp;
kiveluun /ki&#613;elu&#720;&#628;/ - to
die, root
kùevòelùun /k&#616;&#689;&#613;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#628;&#689;/
- to die, independent
&nbsp;
Remember that Antarctican only permits
voiced obstruents, prestopped nasals, and fricatives other than /s/, before vowels
with modal voice. So if this vowel phonation change would produce such a
forbidden sequence, then the consonant changes e.g.
&nbsp;
hlõ /&#620;&#596;/ - to perform, root
lào /l&#604;&#689;/ - to perform, independent
&nbsp;
These changes do not affect phonation
spreading though, as we can see from:
&nbsp;
madoze /madoze/ - to give birth,
intransitive, root
`màotùsòe /&#689;m&#604;&#689;tu&#689;s&#600;&#689;/
- to give birth, intransitive, independent
&nbsp;
nyiibe /&#626;i&#720;be/ - to snow, root
`nyùeypòe /&#689;&#626;&#616;ip&#600;&#689;/ - to
snow, independent
&nbsp;
san-gize /sa&#628;gize/ - to bleed, root
sàonkùesòe /s&#604;&#628;&#689;k&#616;&#689;s&#604;&#689;/
- to bleed, independent
&nbsp;
When a consonant such as a voiceless
obstruent or prestopped nasal blocks the phonation spreading, if the vowel
preceding it is /&#616;/ or /&#600;/ with modal voice (or a diphthong beginning
with one), then fronts to /i/ or /e/ respectively e.g.
&nbsp;
yuentorõ /j&#616;&#628;to&#641;&#596;/ -
to introduce oneself, root
yintùrào /ji&#628;tu&#689;&#641;&#604;&#689;/
- to introduce oneself, independent
&nbsp;
imuepu /&#660;im&#616;pu/ - to sit down, root
imipù /&#660;imipu&#689;/ - to sit down, independent
&nbsp;
nuetoze /nitoze/ - to be fed on, root
nitùsòe /nitu&#689;s&#600;&#689;/ - to be
fed on, independent
&nbsp;
poensaa /p&#600;&#628;sa&#720;/ - to be lost
in deep thought, root
pensàao /pe&#628;s&#604;&#720;&#689;/ - to
be lost in deep thought, independent
&nbsp;
If the vowel is /&#603;/, or a diphthong
starting with /&#603;/, before the blocking consonant, then it lowers to /a/
e.g.
'kiraeypi /ki&#641;&#603;ipi/ - to
become scraped, root
'kiraypùe /ki&#641;aip&#616;&#689;/
- to become scraped, independent
&nbsp;
<h5>Final Syllable Replacement</h5>
In addition to this, some verbs lose their
final syllable, which is replaced with –zi e.g.
&nbsp;
doleegi /dole&#720;gi/ - to drag,
intransitive, root
tùlòoezi /tu&#689;l&#600;&#720;&#689;zi/ –
to drag, intransitive, independent (-gùe has been replaced with -zi).
&nbsp;
bilidli /bilid&#622;i/ - to make it across,
root
pùelùezi /p&#616;&#689;l&#616;&#689;zi/ -
to make it across, independent


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
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<h4>Dependent Base</h4>
<h4>Dependent Base</h4>


This is used when the verb is describing the purpose or manner of another verb. How it is formed from the root is regular, but the rules are somewhat complex
This is used when the verb is describing the purpose or manner of another verb e.g. in the sentence ''`ròedla 'kiramyu'' /&#689;&#641;&#600;&#689;d&#622;a &#740;ki&#641;am&#690;u/ - it will swell up reddishly, the first verb ''`ròedla'' /&#689;&#641;&#600;&#689;d&#622;a/ - to be red is in the dependent form, since it is describing the manner in which the following verb '''kiramyu'' /&#740;ki&#641;am&#690;u/ will take place. Antarctican has no adverbs, using dependent verbs instead.
 
How it is formed from the root is regular, but the rules are somewhat complex
and depend on whether the last syllable of the base begins with a soft or hard
and depend on whether the last syllable of the base begins with a soft or hard
consonant:
consonant:
Line 278: Line 443:


tárá /ta&#740;&#641;a&#740;/ - to cover, dependent
tárá /ta&#740;&#641;a&#740;/ - to cover, dependent
&nbsp;
<h4>Independent Base</h4>
This is used in all other cases. Whenever there is a dependent verb, it must be followed by an independent verb, but the converse is not true.
&nbsp;
<h5>Regular Formation</h5>
The default way of forming it is by putting
breathy voice on the final vowel of the base, and changing the vowel quality in
the same way as normal e.g.
&nbsp;
éypyii /&#660;ei&#660;p&#690;i&#720;/ -
to spit out, root
éypyùey /&#660;ei&#740;p&#690;&#616;i&#689;/
- to spit out, independent
&nbsp;
This breathy voice “spreads” to the left
until it hits a voiceless obstruent or a prestopped nasal e.g.
&nbsp;
gowpeyee /goupeje&#720;/ - to suffer a
setback, root
gowpòeyòoe /goup&#600;&#689;j&#600;&#720;&#689;/
- to suffer a setback, independent
&nbsp;
inyelee /&#660;i&#626;ele&#720;/ - to
pierce, root
ùenyòelòoe /&#660;&#616;&#689;&#626;&#600;&#689;le&#720;/
- to pierce, independent
&nbsp;
kiveluun /ki&#613;elu&#720;&#628;/ - to
die, root
kùevòelùun /k&#616;&#689;&#613;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#628;&#689;/
- to die, independent
&nbsp;
Remember that Antarctican only permits
voiced obstruents, prestopped nasals, and fricatives other than /s/, before vowels
with modal voice. So if this vowel phonation change would produce such a
forbidden sequence, then the consonant changes e.g.
&nbsp;
hlõ /&#620;&#596;/ - to perform, root
lào /l&#604;&#689;/ - to perform, independent
&nbsp;
These changes do not affect phonation
spreading though, as we can see from:
&nbsp;
madoze /madoze/ - to give birth,
intransitive, root
`màotùsòe /&#689;m&#604;&#689;tu&#689;s&#600;&#689;/
- to give birth, intransitive, independent
&nbsp;
nyiibe /&#626;i&#720;be/ - to snow, root
`nyùeypòe /&#689;&#626;&#616;ip&#600;&#689;/ - to
snow, independent
&nbsp;
san-gize /sa&#628;gize/ - to bleed, root
sàonkùesòe /s&#604;&#628;&#689;k&#616;&#689;s&#604;&#689;/
- to bleed, independent
&nbsp;
When a consonant such as a voiceless
obstruent or prestopped nasal blocks the phonation spreading, if the vowel
preceding it is /&#616;/ or /&#600;/ with modal voice (or a diphthong beginning
with one), then fronts to /i/ or /e/ respectively e.g.
&nbsp;
yuentorõ /j&#616;&#628;to&#641;&#596;/ -
to introduce oneself, root
yintùrào /ji&#628;tu&#689;&#641;&#604;&#689;/
- to introduce oneself, independent
&nbsp;
imuepu /&#660;im&#616;pu/ - to sit down, root
imipù /&#660;imipu&#689;/ - to sit down, independent
&nbsp;
nuetoze /nitoze/ - to be fed on, root
nitùsòe /nitu&#689;s&#600;&#689;/ - to be
fed on, independent
&nbsp;
poensaa /p&#600;&#628;sa&#720;/ - to be lost
in deep thought, root
pensàao /pe&#628;s&#604;&#720;&#689;/ - to
be lost in deep thought, independent
&nbsp;
If the vowel is /&#603;/, or a diphthong
starting with /&#603;/, before the blocking consonant, then it lowers to /a/
e.g.
'kiraeypi /ki&#641;&#603;ipi/ - to
become scraped, root
'kiraypùe /ki&#641;aip&#616;&#689;/
- to become scraped, independent
&nbsp;
<h5>Final Syllable Replacement</h5>
In addition to this, some verbs lose their
final syllable, which is replaced with –zi e.g.
&nbsp;
doleegi /dole&#720;gi/ - to drag,
intransitive, root
tùlòoezi /tu&#689;l&#600;&#720;&#689;zi/ –
to drag, intransitive, independent (-gùe has been replaced with -zi).
&nbsp;
bilidli /bilid&#622;i/ - to make it across,
root
pùelùezi /p&#616;&#689;l&#616;&#689;zi/ -
to make it across, independent


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
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