Maltcégj: Difference between revisions

**Even if this would not result in a standard diphthong, this convention is still followed any time there are two disyllabic pertingent vowels, e.g. ''kúluï'' 'all', ''itáliȧ'' 'Italy'.  

**If the second vowel is stressed, however, the first vowel is marked instead, e.g. italiáno → ''italïáno'' 'Italian'.

|colspan="3"| '''Unvoiced''' ||colspan="3"| '''Voiced'''

|valign="top"| '''p''' ||valign="top"| /p/ || as in '''p'''ut<br>'''''p'''ul'' [pʰul] 'he' ||valign="top"| '''b''' ||valign="top"| /b/ || as in '''b'''at<br>'''''b'''adj'' [bʰaʤ] 'to have'

|valign="top"| '''t''' ||valign="top"| /t/ || as in '''t'''op<br>'''''t'''alp'' [tʰɑlp] 'head' ||valign="top"| '''d''' ||valign="top"| /d/ || as in '''d'''og<br>'''''d'''ið'' [dʰið] 'beautiful'

|valign="top"| '''k''' ||valign="top"| /k/ || as in '''k'''eep<br>'''''k'''at'' [kʰɑt] 'dry' ||valign="top"| '''g''' ||valign="top"| /g/ || as in '''g'''et<br>'''''g'''elk'' [gʰɛlk] 'to give'

|colspan="3"| '''Unvoiced''' ||colspan="3"| '''Voiced'''

|valign="top"| '''pf''' ||valign="top"| /p͡f / || as in German '''''Pf'''erd''<br>'''''pf'''atɮ'' [p͡fɑt͡ɬ] 'spit' ||valign="top"| '''bv''' ||valign="top"| /b͡v / || as in o'''bv'''ious <br>'''''bv'''rac'' [bvɾɑʃ] 'sparrow'

|valign="top"| '''ts''' ||valign="top"| /ʦ/ || as in ge'''ts'''<br>''fran'''ts''''' [fɾɑnʦ] 'France' ||valign="top"| '''dz''' ||valign="top"| /ʣ/ || as in a'''dz'''e<br>''xan'''dz''''' [xɑnʣ] 'Chinese character'

|valign="top"| '''tc''' ||valign="top"| /ʧ/ || as in '''ch'''ur'''ch'''<br>'''''tc'''itsíc'' [ʧi'ʦiʃ] 'to sneeze' ||valign="top"| '''dj''' ||valign="top"| /ʤ/ || as in '''j'''u'''dge'''<br>'''''dj'''áska'' ['ʤɑskɑ] 'cinnamon'

|valign="top"| '''tɮ''' ||valign="top"| /ƛ (t͡ɬ)/ || as <ll> in Icelandic ''a'''ll'''a''<br>''txa'''tɮ''''' [txɑt͡ɬ] 'slap' ||valign="top"| '''dɮ''' ||valign="top"| /λ (d͡ɮ)/ || as in Xhosa ''in'''dl'''ovu''<br>''ó'''dɮ'''o'' ['o.d͡ɮo] 'mouth'

There are eight "pure" affricates in Maltcégj, though none are represented by their own unique character.  For more information, see Consonant Clusters, below.

|colspan="3"| '''Unvoiced''' ||colspan="3"| '''Voiced'''

|valign="top"| '''f''' ||valign="top"| /f/ || as in '''f'''oot<br>'''''f'''aurx'' [fau̯ɾx] 'heat'||valign="top"| '''v''' ||valign="top"| /v/ || as in '''v'''ery<br>'''''v'''íktro ['vik.tɾo] 'tree'

|valign="top"| '''þ''' ||valign="top"| /θ/ || as <th> in '''th'''ing<br>'''''þ'''ad [θɑd] 'man'||valign="top"| '''ð''' ||valign="top"| /ð/ || as <th> in '''th'''en<br>'''''ð'''ak [ðɑk] 'to say'

|valign="top"| '''s''' ||valign="top"| /s/ || as in '''s'''ing<br>'''''s'''alméilo'' [sɑl'mɛi̯.lo] 'apple'||valign="top"| '''z''' ||valign="top"| /z/ || as in '''z'''oo<br>'''''z'''endj'' [zɛnʤ] 'paint'

|valign="top"| '''c''' ||valign="top"| /ʃ/ || as <sh> in '''sh'''oe<br>'''''c'''ul'' [ʃul] 'prophesy'||valign="top"| '''j''' ||valign="top"| /ʒ/ || as in French '''''j'''amais''<br>'''''j'''adíȯ'' [ʒɑ'di.o] 'sun'

|valign="top"| '''x''' ||valign="top"| /x/ || as <ch> in German ''Ba'''ch'''''<br>'''''x'''ac'' [xɑʃ] 'difficult'||valign="top"| '''ǧ''' ||valign="top"| /γ/ || as <g> in Spanish ''ami'''g'''o''<br>'''''ǧ'''énba'' ['γɛn.bɑ] 'apricot'

|valign="top"| '''h''' ||valign="top"| /h/ || as in '''h'''ello<br>'''''h'''anák'' [hɑ'nɑk] 'person, human'

|valign="top"| '''m''' ||valign="top"| /m/ || as in '''m'''an<br>'''''m'''árga'' ['mɑɾ.ga] 'house'

|valign="top"| '''n''' ||valign="top"| /n/ || as in '''n'''ose<br>'''''n'''yj''  [nɪʒ] 'grain'

NB: There is no realization of as nasal as /ŋ/, even before a velar obstruent. In many cases, an epenthetic <e> may intervene between <n> and a velar (e.g. ''hánek'' 'grandfather', from ''Hank''), but even when it does not, the letters are pronounced independently (e.g. '''gýnko''' /'gɪn.ko/ 'ginko', not **/'gɪŋ.ko/).

| '''l''' || /l/ || as in '''l'''amb<br>'''''l'''exét'' [lɛ'xɛt] 'much, many'

| '''r''' || /ɾ/ || as in Spanish ''pe'''r'''o''<br>'''''r'''áta ['ɾɑ.tɑ] 'child'

| '''ɮ''' || /ɮ,ɬ/* || as in Zulu ''in'''dl'''ala<br>'''''ɮ'''at'' [ɮɑt] 'tooth'

<nowiki>*</nowiki> <ɮ> becomes devoiced to /ɬ/ when it occurs adjacent to an unvoiced obstruent (most frequently in the clusters <pɮ>, <tɮ>, and <kɮ>), e.g. ''txa'''tɮ''''' [txɑt͡ɬ] 'slap'.

|valign="top"| '''w''' ||valign="top"| /w/ || as in '''w'''ood<br>'''''w'''ʌf'' [wɫ̩f] 'bone'

|valign="top"| '''ẏ''' ||valign="top"| /j/ || as <y> in '''y'''ou<br>'''''ẏ'''ála'' ['jɑ.lɑ] 'bird'

|colspan="3"| '''Front''' ||colspan="3"| '''Back'''

|valign="top"| '''i''' || /i/ || as <ee> in b'''ee'''t<br>'''''í'''lǫx'' ['i.lɔx] 'knee'||valign="top"| '''u''' || /u/ || as <oo> in b'''oo'''t<br>'''''u'''cát'' [u'ʃɑt] 'mustard'

|valign="top"| '''y''' || /ɪ/ || as <nowiki><i></nowiki> in b'''i'''t<br>'''''y'''lk'' [ɪlk] 'louse, nit'||valign="top"| '''o''' || /o/ || as <oa> in b'''oa'''t<br>''tc'''o'''k'' [ʧok] 'to go'

|valign="top"| '''e''' || /ɛ/ || as in b'''e'''t<br>'''''é'''jva'' ['ɛʒ.vɑ] 'mouse'||valign="top"| '''ǫ''' || /ɔ/ || as <ou> in b'''ou'''ght<br>'''''ǫ́'''bri'' ['ɔ.bɾi] 'niece'

|colspan="3"| || '''a''' || /ɑ/ ||as in f'''a'''ther<br>'''''a'''dín'''a''''' [ɑ'di.nɑ] 'sister'

|valign="top"| '''ʌ''' ||valign="top"| /ɫ̩/ || as <le> in midd'''le'''<br>'''''ʌ́'''nax'' ['ɫ̩.nɑx] 'shopping'

|valign="top"| '''ʀ''' ||valign="top"| /ɹ̩/ || as <er> in bett'''er'''<br>''w'''ʀ'''n'' [wɹ̩n] '(maternal) grandparent'

|valign="top"|  '''ai''' ||valign="top"|  /ɑi̯/ || as <i> in h'''i'''gh<br>''skw'''ai''''' [skwɑi̯] 'lemon'||valign="top"|  '''au''' ||valign="top"| /au̯/ || as in German ''H'''au'''s''<br>''ml'''au''''' [mlau̯] 'what'

|valign="top"|  '''ei''' ||valign="top"|  /ei̯/ || as in w'''ei'''gh<br>'''''ei'''ct'' [ei̯ʃt] 'game'||valign="top"|  '''eu''' ||valign="top"| /ɛu̯/ || as <ew> in Welsh '''''ew''ro'''<br>''ð'''eu'''p'' [ðɛu̯p] 'foot'

|valign="top"|  '''oi''' ||valign="top"|  /ɔi̯/ || as in '''oi'''l<br>''m'''oi'''n'' [mɔi̯n] 'warmth'

The reflexive pronouns are used when the verb of the sentence is being done ''to'' the subject of the sentence ''by'' the subject of the sentence; that is to say, when we would use the word "-self" in English (e.g. myself, yourself, yourselves, themselves, &c.)

The reciprocal pronouns are similar to the reflexive (and in many languages they are identical), but they apply only to plural subjects when the action of the verb is being done to another member of the same plural group. (In English this is generally translated as “each other”. Compare, for example:

The number “zero” should always be read as ''zo'', not ''bleg'', though the two words are interchangeable in some circumstances. When the last digit is zero, however, it should be read as “''seþ'',” or “''sam''” if two zeros… It may sound a little strange, but we do the same thing in English. For example, 780 should be read ''dan relk seþ'' ‘seven eighty’; 7,800, ''dan relk sam'' ‘seventy-eight hundred’; 78,000, ''dan relk seþ sam'', ‘seventy-eight thousand, &c.

| Base forms: || <center>''mlau'' ('what')</center> || <center>''kalk'' ('that, which')</center> || <center>''bleg'' ('no')</center>

| '''''lað''''' ('person') || ''lað mlau, mlað'' ('who') || ''klað, kalk'' ('who') || ''lað bleg, blað'' ('no one')

| '''''lak''''' ('agent') || ''lak mlau, mlak'' ('what') || ''klak, kalk'' ('that') || ''lak bleg, blak'' ('nothing')

| '''''ðrax''''' ('thing') || ''ðrax mlau, mlax'' ('what') || ''klax, kalk'' ('which') || ''ðrax bleg, blax'' ('nothing')

| '''''arán''''' ('place') || ''arán mlau, mlarán'' ('where') || ''klarán'' ('where') || ''arán bleg, bláran'' ('nowhere')

| '''''ðlai''''' ('time') || ''ðlai mlau, mlai'' ('when') || ''klai'' ('when') || ''ðlai bleg, blai²'' ('never')

| '''''kþið''''' ('manner') || ''kþið mlau, mlið'' ('how') || ''klið'' ('how') || ''kþið bleg, blið'' ('no way')

| '''''mára''''' ('quantity') || ''mára mlau, mlára'' ('how much/many') || ''klára'' ('how much/many') || ''mára bleg, blára'' ('none')

| '''''hímiem¹''''' ('reason') || ''mlímiem'' ('why') || ''klímiem'' ('why') || ''blímiem'' ('for no reason')

| Base forms: || <center>''jála, úli'' ('this')</center> || <center>''ðóra, úla'' ('that')</center> || <center>''þa, ulót'' ('yonder')</center>

| '''''lað''''' ('person') || ''lað úli, jlað'' ('this person') || ''lað úla, ðrað'' ('that person') || ''lað ulót, þlað'' ('the other person')

| '''''lak''''' ('agent') || ''lak úli, jlak'' ('this thing') || ''lak úla, ðrak'' ('that thing') || ''lak ulót, þlak'' ('the other thing')

| '''''ðrax''''' ('thing') || ''ðrax úli, jlax'' ('this') || ''ðrax úla, ðrax'' ('that') || ''ðrax ulót, þlax'' ('that (other)')

| '''''arán''''' ('place') || ''jarán, jlarán³'' ('here') || ''larán, ðrarán'' ('there') || ''þarán'' ('up there, ahead'), '' þrarán'' ('elsewhere')

| '''''ðlai''''' ('time') || ''jaðlai, jlai, nak'' ('now') || ''laðlai, ðraðlai, nos'' ('then') || ''þaðlai'' ('in the future'), ''þraðlái'' ('some other time')

| '''''kþið''''' ('manner') || ''kþið úli, jlið'' ('like this') || ''kþið úla, ðrið'' ('like that') || ''þkíð'' ('some other way')

| '''''mára''''' ('quantity') || ''mára úli, márað'' ('this much') || ''mára úla, márað'' ('that much') || ''mára ulót'' ('that other amount')

| '''''hímiem¹''''' ('reason') ||colspan="2"| ''ðrímiem'' ('because') || ''þrímiem'' ('for that reason')

¹ The word ''hímiem'' ('reason') is no longer used, but lives on in the pro-form contractions, where it is used exclusively over its nominal replacement, ''frulúþ''.

''téfʌðu'' 'table'<br>

'''''ak'''téfʌðu'' 'tables'<br>

''téfʌðu jamp'' 'four tables'<br>

''téfʌðu lexét'' 'many tables'

Adpositions in Maltcégj are generally suffixed to the nouns they modify. They undergo very little inflection (so it is not considered a case system per se), but there is some variation in some nouns which end in vowels, as shown below. (Nouns can only end in the vowels <nowiki><i></nowiki>, <a>, <ǫ>, <o>, and <nowiki><u></nowiki>. Nouns cannot end in <e> or <y>. Nouns ending in <ʌ> take regular consonant endings except before ''-ʌ'' and ''-ʌk'', where the final <ʌ> of the noun becomes <l>. Nouns ending in <ʀ> take regular consonant endings except before ''-ʀ'', which becomes ''-hʀ''. Most changes, however, simply involve adding an epenthetic <h> before the prefix or adding a diæresis or dot to the vowel of the adposition.

| '''''-'''''  || ''-i- ''  || ''-a-''  || ''-o- ''  || ''ek klag gnir.''<brThe book is green.' || Nominative  || -  || (''Nom.'')  || (''Nom.'')  || -  || Subject.

| '''''a'''''  || ''-iȧ ''  || ''-aha''  || ''-oȧ ''  || ''dydkulóm jǫg klág'''a'''.''<br>'I saw '''the book'''.' || Accusative  || -  || (''Acc.'')  || (''Acc.'')  || -n  || Direct object.

| '''''að'''''  || ''-iȧð ''  || ''-ahað''  || ''-oȧð ''  || 'to the book' || Dative  || to  || zu (+ ''Dat.'')  || ad  || al  || Indirect object.

| '''''ai'''''  || ''-iȧi ''  || ''-ahai''  || ''-oȧi ''  || 'through (the middle of) the book' || Perlative  || through  || durch (+ ''Acc.'')  || per  ||  ||

| '''''aj'''''  || ''-iȧj ''  || ''-ahaj''  || ''-oȧj ''  || 'during/throughout the book' || Temporal Durative  || during  || während (+ ''Gen.'')  ||  ||  ||

| '''''ala'''''  || ''-iȧla ''  || ''-ahala''  || ''-oȧla ''  || 'between the books' || Intrative  || between, among  || zwischen, unter (+ ''Dat.'')  || inter  ||  || Automatically implies plural.

| '''''alm'''''  || ''-iȧlm ''  || ''-ahalm''  || ''-oȧlm ''  || 'without the book' || Abesso-caritive  || without  || ohne (+ ''Acc.'')  || sine  ||  ||

| '''''alx'''''  || ''-iȧlx ''  || ''-ahalx''  || ''-oȧlx ''  || 'on (the side of) the book' || Adessive  || on  || an (+ ''Dat.'')  ||  ||  ||

| '''''ap'''''  || ''-iȧp ''  || ''-ahap''  || ''-oȧp ''  || 'on (top of) the book' || Superessive  || on  || auf (+ ''Dat.'')  ||  ||  ||

| '''''arak'''''  || ''-iȧrak ''  || ''-aharak''  || ''-oȧrak''  || '(leaning) against the book' || Revertive  || against  || gegen (+ ''Acc.'')  || versus  ||  ||

| '''''av'''''  || ''-iȧv ''  || ''-ahav''  || ''-oȧv ''  || 'after the book' || Postessive  || following  || folgend, zunächst  || post  ||  ||

| '''''eð'''''  || ''-iëð ''  || ''-aheð''  || ''-oëð ''  || 'around the book' || Circumessive  || around  || um (+ ''Acc.'')  || circum  ||  ||

| '''''eki'''''  || ''-iëki ''  || ''-aheki''  || ''-oëki ''  || 'up to/until the book' || Allato-terminative  || until  || bis (+ ''Acc.'')  ||  ||  ||

| '''''eloï'''''  || ''-iëloï ''  || ''-aheloï''  || ''-oëloï''  || 'about/concerning the book' ||  || about  || über (+ ''Dat.'')  ||  ||  ||

| '''''em'''''  || ''-iëm ''  || ''-ahem''  || ''-oëm ''  || 'over/above the book' ||  || over  || über (+ ''Dat.'')  || supra  ||  ||

| '''''ei'''''  || ''-iëi ''  || ''-ahei''  || ''-oëi ''  || 'in the book' || Inessive  || in  || in (+ ''Dat.'')  || in(tra)  ||  ||

| '''''fra'''''  || ''-ifra ''  || ''-afra''  || ''-ofra ''  || 'with books' (as in 'strewn')  ||  || with  || mit (+ ''Dat.'')  ||  ||  ||

| '''''i'''''  || ''-ihi ''  || ''-ahi''  || ''-oï ''  || 'for the book' || Benefactive  || for  || für (+ ''Acc.'')  ||  ||  ||

| '''''ið'''''  || ''-ihið ''  || ''-ahið''  || ''-oïð ''  || 'before/prior to the book' || Temporal  || before  || bevor (+ ''Dat.'')  || ante  ||  ||

| '''''ij'''''  || ''-ihij ''  || ''-ahij''  || ''-oïj ''  || 'after the books' || Temporal  || after, according to  || nach (+ ''Dat.'')  || secundum  || post  ||

| '''''ili'''''  || ''-ihili ''  || ''-ahili''  || ''-oïli''  || 'next to/beside/near the book' || Apudessive  || next to  || neben (+ ''Dat.'')  || prope  ||  ||

| '''''im'''''  || ''-ihim ''  || ''-ahim''  || ''-oïm ''  || 'along(side) the books' || Vialis  || along  || (''Dat.''+) entlang  ||  ||  ||

| '''''is'''''  || ''-ihis ''  || ''-ahis''  || ''-oïs ''  || 'instead of the book' || Excambiative  || instead of  || statt (+ ''Gen.'')  ||  ||  ||

| '''''it'''''  || ''-ihit ''  || ''-ahit''  || ''-oït ''  || 'behind the book' ||  || behind  || hinter (+ ''Dat.'')  || pone, post  ||  ||

| '''''iþ'''''  || ''-ihiþ ''  || ''-ahiþ''  || ''-oïþ ''  || 'under the book' || Subessive  || under  || unter (+ ''Dat.'')  || subter  ||  ||

| '''''lef'''''  || ''-ilef ''  || ''-alef''  || ''-olef ''  || 'like the books' || Comparative  || like  || wie (+ ''Nom.'')  ||  ||  ||

| '''''ʌ'''''  || ''-il ''  || ''-al''  || ''-ol ''  || 'by the book' || Agentive  || by  || von (+ ''Dat.'')  ||  ||  ||

| '''''ʌk'''''  || ''-ilk ''  || ''-alk''  || ''-olk ''  || 'by means of the book' || Instrumental  || with  || mit (+ ''Dat.'')  || cum  ||  ||

| '''''o'''''  || ''-iȯ ''  || ''-aho''  || ''-ohȯ ''  || 'from the book' || Delative  || from  || von (+ ''Dat.'')  ||  ||  ||

| '''''oc'''''  || ''-iȯc ''  || ''-ahoc''  || ''-ohȯc ''  || 'at the time of the book' || Temporal  || at the time of  || an (+ ''Acc.'')  ||  ||  ||

| '''''ok'''''  || ''-iȯk ''  || ''-ahok''  || ''-ohȯk ''  || 'with the book' || Commitative  || with  || mit (+ ''Dat.'')  || simul  ||  ||

| '''''ol'''''  || ''-iȯl ''  || ''-ahol''  || ''-ohȯl ''  || 'except for the book' || Exclusive  || except for  || außer (+ ''Dat.'')  ||  ||  ||

| '''''om'''''  || ''-iȯm ''  || ''-ahom''  || ''-ohȯm ''  || 'in front of the book' ||  || in front of  || vor (+ ''Dat.'')  || prae  ||  ||

| '''''ǫg'''''  || ''-iǫ̇g ''  || ''-ahǫg''  || ''-ohǫ̇g ''  || 'anti-book' || Contrative  || against, anti  || wider (+ ''Acc.''), -feindlich  || contra  ||  ||

| '''''ʀ'''''  || ''-ihʀ ''  || ''-ahʀ''  || ''-ohʀ ''  || 'pro-book' ||  || for, pro  || pro- (+ ''Acc.''), -freundlich  || pro  ||  ||

| '''''ul'''''  || ''-iu̇l ''  || ''-ahul''  || ''-ou̇l ''  || '(made) of books' || Exessive  || made from  || aus (+ ''Dat.'')  || ex  ||  ||

| '''''ut'''''  || ''-iu̇t ''  || ''-ahut''  || ''-ou̇t ''  || 'out of the book' || Elative  || out of  || aus (+ ''Dat.'')  || ex  ||  ||

| '''''vul'''''  || ''-ivul ''  || ''-avul''  || ''-ovul ''  || 'because of the book' || Causal  || because of  || wegen (+ ''Gen.'')  || propter  ||  ||

| '''''u'''''  || ''uï-''  || ''uȧ-''  || ''uȯ- ''  || '-’s book, the book belonging to' || Possessed  || ’s, of  || (''Gen.''), von  || (''Gen.'')  ||  ||

|colspan="2"| 'blue sky'

However, when an adjective is used as a copula, it may stand on its own as a predicate to ''ek'' ('to be'), or be treated as a verb in its own right.  

| ''ek'' || ''gnída'' || ''gnir'' ||rowspan="2"| (or) || ''gnir'' || ''gnída''

|colspan="6"| 'The grass is green.'

| ''ek pel akadínahað mes kúluï '''narandíð'''''<br> (is she PL-sister-than her-own all most-beautiful) || '''''dið''' pel '''narán''' akadínahað mes kúluï''<br> (is-beautiful she most PL-sister-than her-own all) || 'She is the most beautiful of all her sisters.'

| ''ek pul janád '''nambjólet'''''<br> (is he today more-good) || '''''bjólet''' pul janád '''nan'''''<br> (is-good he today more) || 'He is better today.'

| ''ek paj wíðocað '''amancalíc'''''<br> (is it sky-as as-much-blue) || '''''calíc''' paj '''amán''' wíðocað''<br> (is-blue it as-much as-sky) || 'It’s as blue as the sky.'

As Maltcégj is a "VSO" language, most sentences begin with a verb. Verbs can only be preceded by conjunctions and particles (most of which are prefixed to the verb).

As discussed briefly in the section on Correlatives and Pro-Forms, time words can be modified with three particles: '''''la-''''' ('past'), '''''ja-''''' ('present'), or '''''þa-''''' ('future'). When combined with a noun that begins with a vowel, the ''a-'' of each prefix is dropped.   

| ''ðlai'' 'time' || '''''la'''ðlai'' 'then, back then' || '''''ja'''ðlai'' 'now' || '''''þa'''ðlai'' 'in the future'

| ''nad'' 'day' || '''''la'''nad'' 'yesterday' || '''''ja'''nad'' 'today' || '''''þa'''nad'' 'tomorrow'

| ''temét'' 'morning' || '''''la'''temét'' 'yesterday morning' || '''''ja'''temét'' 'this morning' || '''''þa'''temét'' 'tomorrow morning'

| ''bará'' 'afternoon' || '''''la'''bará'' 'yesterday afternoon' || '''''ja'''bará'' 'this afternoon' || '''''þa'''bará'' 'tomorrow afternoon'

| ''ápten'' 'evening' || '''''l'''ápten'' 'yesterday evening' || '''''j'''ápten'' 'this evening' || '''''þ'''ápten'' 'tomorrow evening'

| ''beríc'' 'night' || '''''la'''beríc'' 'last night' || '''''ja'''beríc'' 'tonight' || '''''þa'''beríc'' 'tomorrow night'

| ''danjád'' 'week' || '''''la'''danjád'' 'last week' || '''''ja'''danjád'' 'this week' || '''''þa'''danjád'' 'next week'

| ''rúma'' 'month' || '''''la'''rúma'' 'last month' || '''''ja'''rúma'' 'this month' || '''''þa'''rúma'' 'next month'

| ''avíl'' 'year' || '''''l'''avíl'' 'last year' || '''''j'''avíl'' 'this year' || '''''þ'''avíl'' 'next year'

These prefixes can also be used in with the word ''ðlai'' (above) to form adjectives meaning 'past', 'present', and 'future', respectively, as well as ''arán'' 'place', (which has some specific connotations depending on how it's used).

* When an adjective is used as the predicate of a sentence, it can be treated as a verb; however, you can also use the verb ''ek'' ('to be').

Just some fun coincidences, borrowings, and malamanteaux that I've collected here:

* '''''salgebúra''''' ‘shock or revulsion over something stupid and offensive’ – a malamanteau of Hebrew ''גבורה'' and S.L.G.B.R. which stands for something stupid and offensive which I'll keep to myself.

** '''''katír''''' ‘parternal grandparents’ - The plural form, ''akatír'' is from my home town's old High School basketball team, the Halcotteers, which later came to be used locally to refer to any old folks from that town (i.e. from the era when we still had a High School). (The High School was actually in Fleischmanns, not Halcott, but that's another story.)