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(Rearranged consonant table) |
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! !! Labial !! Pal. Labial !! Dental / Alveolar !! Lab. Dental !! Alveolo-Palatal !! Retroflex !! Palatal !! Velar !! Uvular !! Lab. Palatal !! Lab. Velar | ! !! Labial !! Pal. Labial !! Dental / Alveolar !! Lab. Dental !! Alveolo-Palatal !! Retroflex !! Palatal !! Velar !! Uvular !! Lab. Palatal !! Lab. Velar !! Glottal | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Nasal || m || mʲ || n || nʷ || || || ɲ || | | Nasal || m || mʲ || n || nʷ || || || ɲ || ŋ* || || (ɲʷ) || ŋʷ* || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Voiced Stop || b || bʲ || d || dʷ || || || ɟ || g || || (ɟʷ) || gʷ ~ gb | | Voiced Stop || b || bʲ || d || dʷ || || || ɟ || g || || (ɟʷ) || gʷ ~ gb || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Voiceless Stop || p || pʲ || t || tʷ || || || c || k || || (cʷ) || kʷ kp | | Voiceless Stop || p || pʲ || t || tʷ || || || c || k || || (cʷ) || kʷ ~ kp || ʔ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Voiced Sibilant Affricate || || || || || dʑ | | Voiced Sibilant Affricate || || || || || dʑ || || || || || || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Voiceless Sibilant Affricate || || || || || tɕ || || | | Voiceless Sibilant Affricate || || || || || tɕ || || || || || || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Spirant Affricate || || || tθ || || || ʈʂ | | Spirant Affricate || || || tθ || || || ʈʂ || || || || || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Voiced Sibilant Fricative |||| || z || zʷ | | Voiced Sibilant Fricative |||| || z || zʷ || ʑ || || || || || || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Voiceless Sibilant Fricative || || || s || sʷ | | Voiceless Sibilant Fricative || || || s || sʷ || ɕ || || || || || || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Spirant Fricative || f || fʲ || || || || ʂ || ç ~ ɬ || || χ ~ x | | Spirant Fricative || f || fʲ || || || || ʂ || ç ~ ɬ || || χ ~ x || || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Flap / Trill || ⱱ ~ ʀʷ || ⱱʲ || || || ɾʲ || ɽ || || || (ʀ) | | Flap / Trill || ⱱ ~ ʀʷ || ⱱʲ || || || ɾʲ || ɽ || || || (ʀ) || || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Lateral || || || || || || || ʎ || || ɫ || (ʎʷ) || || | | Lateral || || || || || || || ʎ || || ɫ || (ʎʷ) || ɫʷ || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Semivowel || || || || || || || j || || || ɥ || w | | Semivowel || || || || || || || j || || || ɥ || w || | ||
|} | |} | ||
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* Except for /ɥ/, labialised palatal consonants such as /cʷ/ are rare. They only occur in loanwords. Before front vowels, most speakers merge them with labialised velar consonants, and before back vowels, most speakers merge them with plain palatal consonants. | * Except for /ɥ/, labialised palatal consonants such as /cʷ/ are rare. They only occur in loanwords. Before front vowels, most speakers merge them with labialised velar consonants, and before back vowels, most speakers merge them with plain palatal consonants. | ||
* Labialised velar stops /kʷ/ and /gʷ/ are in free variation with their doubly articulated counterparts. | |||
* For the purposes of phonology, it is useful to draw a distinction between sibilant and spirant (non-sibilant) affricates and fricatives. Sibilants contrast for voicing while spirants do not. | |||
* Between sonorants, /tθ/ is lenited to [θ]. | |||
* A sound change is currently in progress which is changing the palatal fricative /ç/ to a lateral fricative /ɬ/, especially in clusters. | |||
* /χ/ has the allophone /x/ between sonorants. | |||
* /ʀ/ is only found in loanwords. Many speakers merge it into /ɽ/. | * /ʀ/ is only found in loanwords. Many speakers merge it into /ɽ/. | ||
* Labialised labial consonants /mʷ/, /bʷ/, /pʷ/ | * Labialised labial consonants /mʷ/, /bʷ/, /pʷ/ occur as separate phonemes in a few dialects. But most dialects have merged these with the plain labials. | ||
===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
Underylingly, the only syllables permitted are CV and CCV. The latter is rare, and only a few consonant clusters are permitted, namely /pf/, /tf/, /sf/ and /pç/~/ps/~/pɬ/ | Underylingly, the only syllables permitted are CV and CCV. The latter is rare, and only a few consonant clusters are permitted, namely /pf/, /tf/, /sf/, /kf/, /pχ/, /sχ/, /kχ/ and /pç/~/ps/~/pɬ/. | ||
===Stress=== | ===Stress=== |
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