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Seggeynni: Difference between revisions
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Underylingly, the only syllables permitted are CV and CCV. The latter is rare, and only a few consonant clusters are permitted, namely /pf/, /tf/, /sf/, /kf/, /pχ/, /sχ/, /kχ/, /pç/ and /kç/. | Underylingly, the only syllables permitted are CV and CCV. The latter is rare, and only a few consonant clusters are permitted, namely /pf/, /tf/, /sf/, /kf/, /pχ/, /sχ/, /kχ/, /pç/ and /kç/. | ||
Speakers who are shifting /ç/ to /ɬ/ are especially prone to do so in clusters. In this case, they shift /kç/ to a lateral affricate /tɬ/. | * Speakers who are shifting /ç/ to /ɬ/ are especially prone to do so in clusters. In this case, they shift /kç/ to a lateral affricate /tɬ/. | ||
/kχ/ is much more commonly heard as [q]. | * /kχ/ is much more commonly heard as [q]. | ||
/kf/ is sometimes heard as [qʷ]. | * /kf/ is sometimes heard as [qʷ]. | ||
There used to be a cluster */tχ/, but it has now shifted to /tθ/. | * There used to be a cluster */tχ/, but it has now shifted to /tθ/. | ||
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Seggeynni has a rule that only one "spirant" consonant can occur in a phonological word. If a process such as cliticisation would cause a violation of this rule, then every spirant consonant except the last undergoes mutation, via the following patterns: | Seggeynni has a rule that only one "spirant" consonant can occur in a phonological word. If a process such as cliticisation would cause a violation of this rule, then every spirant consonant except the last undergoes mutation, via the following patterns: | ||
/f/ -> /w/ | * /f/ -> /w/ | ||
/fʲ/ -> /ɥ/ | * /fʲ/ -> /ɥ/ | ||
/pf/ -> /p/ | * /pf/ -> /p/ | ||
Other clusters of Consonant + /f/ -> Labialised versions of the initial consonant, with the /f/ deleted e.g. /sf/ -> /sʷ/, /kf/ -> /kʷ/ etc. | * Other clusters of Consonant + /f/ -> Labialised versions of the initial consonant, with the /f/ deleted e.g. /sf/ -> /sʷ/, /kf/ -> /kʷ/ etc. | ||
/tθ/ -> /t/ | * /tθ/ -> /t/ | ||
/ʈʂ/ -> /tɕ/ | * /ʈʂ/ -> /tɕ/ | ||
/ʂ/ -> /ɕ/ | * /ʂ/ -> /ɕ/ | ||
/ç/ -> /j/ | * /ç/ -> /j/ | ||
/χ/ -> /ʔ/ | * /pç/ -> /pʲ/ | ||
* /kç/ -> /c/ | |||
* /χ/ -> /ʔ/ | |||
* Clusters of consonant + /χ/ -> Simple deletion of the /χ/ e.g. /pχ/ -> /p/, /sχ/ -> /s/ | |||
e.g. when the word /ˈkχòʔɲátə́/ - "Hkonat" (the name of a city) takes the postposition /fámə́/ - "from", the result is /ˈkòʔɲátə́=fámə́/ - "from Hkonat". Similarly when the verb /ˈʔà̤ːχə̀/ - "to ask a question" takes the hypothetical mood prefix /sfájə́/, the result is /sʷájə́=ˈʔà̤ːχə̀/ - "if he asked". | |||
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The pronunciation of short vowels with breathy phonation varies depending on a variety of factors. At the end of words, they are normally pronounced with a final /ɦ/, or occasionally [z] or [ɹ]. If the vowel precedes an obstruent (stop, affricate or fricative), then a voiceless fricative is inserted, that is homorganic with the obstruent e.g. /sə́ˈçə̤̀tà/ - "sister" is most often pronounced [ | The pronunciation of short vowels with breathy phonation varies depending on a variety of factors. At the end of words, they are normally pronounced with a final /ɦ/, or occasionally [z] or [ɹ]. If the vowel precedes an obstruent (stop, affricate or fricative), then a voiceless fricative is inserted, that is homorganic with the obstruent e.g. /sə́ˈçə̤̀tà/ - "sister" is most often pronounced [síˈçì̤stà]. However this is in free variation with preaspiration, so the word for sister can also be pronounced as [síˈçì̤ʰtà]. If the vowel precedes a sonorant, then it is pronounced geminated and with breathy voice e.g. /dè̤nə̀/ - "to dance" is usually pronounced [dè̤n̤ːə̀]. | ||
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====Nasal Consonants==== | ====Nasal Consonants==== | ||
If a schwa occurs word finally and is preceded by a nasal, then the whole syllable is often deleted, with nasalisation of the preceding vowel e.g. /ˈjḛ̂ɲə̀mə̀/ - "enemy" is pronounced [ˈjḛ̂ʢɲì'''ⁿ'''] (here and below, the parts of the word that undergo assimilation have been marked in bold). | |||
A schwa has a strong tendency to be lost if it occurs immediately after a nasal consonant, and immediately before an obstruent. In this case, the nasal changes it's place or articulation to be homorganic with the obstruent e.g. /ˈjḛ̀ɲə́mə́/ - "enemy" (postpositional form) combines with the locative enclitic /ka/ to become /ˈjḛ̀ɲə́mə́=ká/, which is pronounced [ˈjḛ̀ʢɲí'''ŋk'''á]. | |||
If a schwa occurs between two nasal consonants, it is elided, along with the preceding consonant. In its place, the following nasal is geminated e.g. /ˈjḛ̀ɲə́mə́/ - "enemy" (postpositional form) combines with the enclitic /nəja/ to become /jḛ̀ɲə́mə́=nə́já/ - "near the enemy", which is pronounced [jḛ̀ʢɲínːéjǽ]. | |||
If a schwa occurs | |||
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A similar process transforms the sequence /nəjə/ to [ɲːi], as in the name of the language, Seggeynni [ˈséɠːə̀i'''ɲːì'''], underlyingly /ˈséʕkə̀jə̀'''nə̀jə̀'''/. | A similar process transforms the sequence /nəjə/ to [ɲːi], as in the name of the language, Seggeynni [ˈséɠːə̀i'''ɲːì'''], underlyingly /ˈséʕkə̀jə̀'''nə̀jə̀'''/. | ||
====Debuccalisation of Stops==== | ====Debuccalisation of Stops==== | ||
If a word final schwa is preceded by a stop, then it is very common to delete the schwa and debuccalise the stop to a glottal stop e.g. / | If a word final schwa is preceded by a stop, then it is very common to delete the schwa and debuccalise the stop to a glottal stop e.g. /ˈkχóʔɲà'''tə̀'''/ - "Hkonat" (the name of a city), is usually pronounced as [ˈkχɔ́ɲ̰ːɛ̀'''ʔ''']. | ||
If schwa occurs after a stop, and before an obstruent of identical voicing | If schwa occurs after a stop, and before an obstruent of identical voicing, then both schwa and the preceding stop are deleted, and the following consonant becomes geminated e.g. /ˈkχòʔɲá'''tə́=k'''á/ - "from Hkonat" is normally pronounced [ˈkχɔ̀ɲ̰ːɛ́'''kː'''á]. | ||
If a schwa is preceded by a stop, and followed by a sonorant, then both the schwa and the preceding stop are deleted, and the sonorant is glottalised and geminated e.g. | If a schwa is preceded by a stop, and followed by a sonorant, then both the schwa and the preceding stop are deleted, and the sonorant is glottalised and geminated e.g. /ˈkχóʔɲàtə̀/ - "Hkonat" combines with the alienable genitive enclitic /jə̀/ to become /ˈkχóʔɲà'''tə̀=j'''ə̀/ - "of Hkonat" (alienable), which is pronounced [ˈkχɔ́ɲ̰ːæ̀'''j̰ː'''è]. | ||
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====Conflicting Processes==== | ====Conflicting Processes==== | ||
If a word could be transformed in more than one way, then the rules work from left to right across the word. So | If a word could be transformed in more than one way, then the assimilation rules work from left to right across the word. So /ˈséʕkə̀jə̀'''nə̀jə̀'''/ is pronounced as [ˈséɠːə̀i'''ɲːì'''] and not *[ˈséɠːə̀in'''ə̀i''']. | ||
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| forest || /ˈfò̤ɥə̀/ || [ˈfòy̤ː]] || [ˈpʰò̤wè] || */ˈfɔ̤̀wè/ | | forest || /ˈfò̤ɥə̀/ || [ˈfòy̤ː]] || [ˈpʰò̤wè] || */ˈfɔ̤̀wè/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sister || /sə́ˈçə̤̀tà/ || [ | | sister || /sə́ˈçə̤̀tà/ || [síˈçì̤stà] || /ˈsʰì̤tà/ || */ˈsʰì̤tà/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| snare || /ɲḛ̂/ || [ɲḭ̂ʢ] || [n̥ḛ̂ː] || */n̥ḛ̂/ | | snare || /ɲḛ̂/ || [ɲḭ̂ʢ] || [n̥ḛ̂ː] || */n̥ḛ̂/ | ||
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| everyone || /ʔáˈɫʷṳ̀ːmə̀/ || [ʔɒ́ɫʷṳ̀ːm] || [áˈlòṳⁿ] || */áˈlòṳm/ | | everyone || /ʔáˈɫʷṳ̀ːmə̀/ || [ʔɒ́ɫʷṳ̀ːm] || [áˈlòṳⁿ] || */áˈlòṳm/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Hkonat (the name of a city) || / | | Hkonat (the name of a city) || /ˈkχóʔɲàtə̀/ || [ˈqɔ́ɲ̰ːɛ̀ʔ] || [ˈkʰóʔnàt] || */ˈkʰɔ́ʔnɛ̀t/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| at Hkonat || / | | at Hkonat || /ˈkχòʔɲátə́=ká/ || [ˈqɔ̀ɲ̰ːɛ́kːá] || [ˈkʰòʔnátká] || /ˈkʰɔ̀ʔnɛ́t=ká/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| cave || /kʷə́ˈçḛ̂pà/ || [kʷʉ́ˈçḭ̂ʢpà] || [ˈkʰwḛ̂ːpà] || */ˈkʰwḛ̂pà/ | | cave || /kʷə́ˈçḛ̂pà/ || [kʷʉ́ˈçḭ̂ʢpà] || [ˈkʰwḛ̂ːpà] || */ˈkʰwḛ̂pà/ | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Telicity== | ==Telicity== | ||
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For example: | For example: | ||
/ˈjḛ̂ɲə̀mə̀ | /ˈjḛ̂ɲə̀mə̀ ˈkχòʔɲátə́=fámə́ dʑə́ˈpˤâ̰ːɽə̀ tə́ˈjə̀ʔ mǎ̤ːnə̀/ | ||
[ˈjîʢɲìⁿ ˈqɔ̀ɲ̰ːɛ́fːámə́ ˈdʑɘ́ˈpˤɑ̰̂ːɽʌ̀ | [ˈjîʢɲìⁿ ˈqɔ̀ɲ̰ːɛ́fːámə́ ˈdʑɘ́ˈpˤɑ̰̂ːɽʌ̀ tə̀iʔ mǎ̤ːnə̀] | ||
enemy Hkónat=from depart.ATEL one month.ADV | enemy Hkónat=from depart.ATEL one month.ADV | ||
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vs. | vs. | ||
/ | /ˈjḛ̂ɲə̀mə̀ ˈkχòʔɲátə́=fámə́ dʑə́ˈpˤâ̰ːɽə̀-ɕə́ŋə́ tə́ˈjə̀ʔ mǎ̤ːnə̀/ | ||
[ˈjîʢɲìⁿ ˈqɔ̀ɲ̰ːɛ́fːámə́ ˈdʑɘ́ˈpˤɑ̰̀ːɽɘ́ɕíⁿ | [ˈjîʢɲìⁿ ˈqɔ̀ɲ̰ːɛ́fːámə́ ˈdʑɘ́ˈpˤɑ̰̀ːɽɘ́ɕíⁿ tə̀iʔ mǎ̤ːnə̀] | ||
enemy Hkónat=from depart.TEL one month.ADV | enemy Hkónat=from depart.TEL one month.ADV | ||