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* The '''third '''conjugation uses /i/ (Classical /y/) as the thematic vowel, and its infinitives end in '''-yke'''. | * The '''third '''conjugation uses /i/ (Classical /y/) as the thematic vowel, and its infinitives end in '''-yke'''. | ||
* The '''fourth '''conjugation has no thematic vowel and as such it includes two categories of verbs: those with consonant-final roots, which have an infinitive ending in a consonant plus '''-ke '''(or, rarely, because of saṃdhi, '''-ge'''), and those with vowel-final roots, whose infinitive end in a vowel plus '''-ke'''. Note that there are some verbs - like ''nake ''"to think" - where a final /a e i/ is part of the root and not a thematic vowel, and may be mistaken at first for verbs belonging to other conjugations. A few fourth conjugation verbs also have allomorphic roots depending on whether the added ending begins with a vowel or with a consonant, like ''gṇyauke ''"to give birth/to be born" (root ''gṇyāv-/gṇyau-''). | * The '''fourth '''conjugation has no thematic vowel and as such it includes two categories of verbs: those with consonant-final roots, which have an infinitive ending in a consonant plus '''-ke '''(or, rarely, because of saṃdhi, '''-ge'''), and those with vowel-final roots, whose infinitive end in a vowel plus '''-ke'''. Note that there are some verbs - like ''nake ''"to think" - where a final /a e i/ is part of the root and not a thematic vowel, and may be mistaken at first for verbs belonging to other conjugations. A few fourth conjugation verbs also have allomorphic roots depending on whether the added ending begins with a vowel or with a consonant, like ''gṇyauke ''"to give birth/to be born" (root ''gṇyāv-/gṇyau-''). | ||
Apart from these four conjugations, there are some completely irregular verbs (e.g. ''haiske ''"to be", ''milke ''"to take | Apart from these four conjugations, there are some completely irregular verbs (e.g. ''haiske ''"to be", ''milke ''"to take") and also six regular sub-patterns in some tenses, three of which are independent from the four regular conjugation patterns (that is, those verbs may be of any of them in the other tenses). They are all relics of independent aspect formations from PCT: | ||
* '''-ah verbs''', which add '''-ah '''or '''-ą '''to the root while forming their present tense - most notably ''lilke ''"to live". | * '''-ah verbs''', which add '''-ah '''or '''-ą '''to the root while forming their present tense - most notably ''lilke ''"to live". | ||
* '''-st- verbs''', which add '''-st '''in the present tense - the most common is ''męlyke ''"to give". | * '''-st- verbs''', which add '''-st '''in the present tense - the most common is ''męlyke ''"to give". | ||
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* '''-āti-/-it- verbs''' are all counted as fourth conjugation (infinitives in '''-ātike''') and have an '''-āti-''' stem-ending suffix in the present which becomes '''-it- '''in the past - like ''yihātike ''"to understand". | * '''-āti-/-it- verbs''' are all counted as fourth conjugation (infinitives in '''-ātike''') and have an '''-āti-''' stem-ending suffix in the present which becomes '''-it- '''in the past - like ''yihātike ''"to understand". | ||
* '''-ėra- verbs''' are first conjugation verbs, which are extremely common as '''-ėra- '''is the main verb-forming denominal suffix in Laceyiam. They use slightly different endings from other verbs of the same conjugations - compare for example ''keipavið ''"you go" and ''paiktāṃliėryð'' "you climb a tree". | * '''-ėra- verbs''' are first conjugation verbs, which are extremely common as '''-ėra- '''is the main verb-forming denominal suffix in Laceyiam. They use slightly different endings from other verbs of the same conjugations - compare for example ''keipavið ''"you go" and ''paiktāṃliėryð'' "you climb a tree". | ||
===== Bulṭāṇama verbs ===== | |||
''Bulṭāṇama'' (pl. ''bulṭāṇamai'', meaning "with mutation") is a class of thirty base verbs which have a vowel mutation in their present stem. These are actually the relics of the Proto-Cis-Tahianshima ablaut system, particularly the middle-grade presents and the high-grade presents.<br /> | |||
In a Laceyiam perspective, they are divided in ''middle bulṭāṇamai'', where the modified vowel is a monophthong, and ''strong bulṭāṇamai'', where the modified vowel is a diphthong (note that '''i → ei''' verbs count as strong in this classification, but were actually middle-grade in PCT). | |||
The twenty-three middle bulṭāṇamai have these changes: | |||
* '''i → e''': ''liśvake'' (to wipe), ''priśvake'' (to erase, to turn off, to shut down), ''hįlsake'' (to make a sound), ''ṭilbake'' (to carry (multidirectional)), ''limbake'' (to refresh, to quench thirst, to nourish), ''mįldake'' (to hope, to wish (interior only)), ''mįṃke'' (to catch — also an '''-ėyi-''' verb), ''minge'' (to hear — the root is ''mind-''), ''dinge'' (to pour — root ''dig-''), ''skilgake'' (to cross rough terrain), and ''giske'' (to take away, to seize, to capture, to kidnap). | |||
* '''u → i''': ''murjake'' (to keep inside, to contain), ''bulṭake'' (to change, to modify), ''ṣurgake'' (to feel indifference for something you barely know because you haven't thought about it enough (interior only)), ''kurṣṭake'' (to rot, to make rot), ''bųlake'' (to plow), ''nurgake'' (to itch), and ''nurbake'' (to shake). | |||
* '''u → y''': ''pultake'' (to lean), ''kulke'' (to talk, to chat), ''ḍurke'' (to crumble, to collapse), ''kusake'' (to peck), and ''prudhake'' (to tear apart). | |||
The seven strong bulṭāṇamai are: | |||
* '''i → ai''': ''kirake'' (to love), ''lįnake'' (to stay, to remain), and ''bringe'' (to hinder, to obstruct — root ''brind-''). | |||
* '''i → ei''': only ''pirake'' (to swallow). | |||
* '''u → au''': ''gurvyake'' (to sleep), ''bhuvake'' (to care for someone), and ''spunake'' (to poison). | |||
These verbs conjugate regularly except for this vowel change in the present indicative stem only, for example ''leśvar'' (it is wept) and ''liśvat'' (it was wept), or ''kairu'' (I am loved) and ''kiram'' (I was loved). | |||
==== Indicative present and imperative ==== | ==== Indicative present and imperative ==== | ||