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Valthungian: Difference between revisions
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→Strong a-stem (masculine)
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'''Gutish Masculine a-stem Paradigm''' | '''Gutish Masculine a-stem Paradigm''' | ||
The most basic class of Gutish nouns (noted in the lexicon as ''n.st.m.a'' - “noun, strong, masculine, a-stem”) also has the most variation depending on the last sounds of the syllable before the ending is added. | The most basic class of Gutish nouns (noted in the lexicon as ''n.st.m.a'' - “noun, strong, masculine, a-stem”) also has the most variation depending on the last sounds of the syllable before the ending is added. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! !!width=100| Nom.Sg. !!width=100| Gen.Sg. !!width=100| Dat.Sg. !!width=100| Acc.Sg. !!width=100| Nom.Pl. !!width=100| Gen.Pl. !!width=100| Dat.Pl. !!width=100| Acc.Pl. !! | !width=150| !!width=100| Nom.Sg. !!width=100| Gen.Sg. !!width=100| Dat.Sg. !!width=100| Acc.Sg. !!width=100| Nom.Pl. !!width=100| Gen.Pl. !!width=100| Dat.Pl. !!width=100| Acc.Pl. !!width=150| | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" rowspan=2 valign="top"| '''n.st.m.a''' ||align="center"| slēp'''s ''' ||align="center"| slēp'''is ''' ||align="center"| slēp'''a ''' ||align="center"| slēp ||align="center"| slēp'''as ''' ||align="center"| slēp'''a ''' ||align="center"| slēp'''ma ''' ||align="center"| slēp'''nas ''' || ‘''sleep''’ | |align="right" rowspan=2 valign="top"| '''n.st.m.a''' ||align="center"| slēp'''s ''' ||align="center"| slēp'''is ''' ||align="center"| slēp'''a ''' ||align="center"| slēp ||align="center"| slēp'''as ''' ||align="center"| slēp'''a ''' ||align="center"| slēp'''ma ''' ||align="center"| slēp'''nas ''' || ‘''sleep''’ | ||
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|colspan=8| <small>For roots ending in ‹b›, it is devoiced to ‹f› in the nominative and accusative singular (at a time before Gothic), indicated in red. ‹b› is spirantized (that is, becomes ‹v›) in the rest of the endings, indicated in blue. (This was the case in Gothic as well, though the spirantization was not indicated in writing.) In the case of those roots ending in ‹f›, the ‹f› is voiced to ‹v› in the same environment that ‹b› is spirantized, so as far as Gutish is concerned, these two paradigms are identical.</small> || | |colspan=8| <small>For roots ending in ‹b›, it is devoiced to ‹f› in the nominative and accusative singular (at a time before Gothic), indicated in red. ‹b› is spirantized (that is, becomes ‹v›) in the rest of the endings, indicated in blue. (This was the case in Gothic as well, though the spirantization was not indicated in writing.) In the case of those roots ending in ‹f›, the ‹f› is voiced to ‹v› in the same environment that ‹b› is spirantized, so as far as Gutish is concerned, these two paradigms are identical.</small> || | ||
|- | |||
|align="right" rowspan=2 valign="top"| '''n.st.m.a.Cba ||align="center"| hwer'''<span style="color:red">bs</span>''' ||align="center"| hwer'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>is''' ||align="center"| hwer'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>a''' ||align="center"| hwer'''<span style="color:red">b</span>''' ||align="center"| hwer'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>as''' ||align="center"| hwer'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>a''' ||align="center"| hwer'''<span style="color:blue">v</span><span style="color:red">am</span>''' ||align="center"| hwer'''<span style="color:blue">v</span><span style="color:red">an</span>s''' || ‘''planet''’ | |||
|- | |||
|colspan=8| <small>Like the above, this deals with nouns ending in ‹b›, which spirantizes to ‹v› in most declensions, but it is prevented from devoicing to ‹f› in the nominative and accusative by a consonant before it. This is a rule inhereited from Gothic.</small> || | |||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" rowspan=2 valign="top"| '''n.st.m.a.Vda/þa ||align="center"| ǭ'''<span style="color:red">þ</span>s''' ||align="center"| ǭ'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>is''' ||align="center"| ǭ'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>a''' ||align="center"| ǭ'''<span style="color:red">þ</span>''' ||align="center"| ǭ'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>as''' ||align="center"| ǭ'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>a''' ||align="center"| ǭ'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>ma''' ||align="center"| ǭ'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>nas''' || ‘''fortune''’ | |align="right" rowspan=2 valign="top"| '''n.st.m.a.Vda/þa ||align="center"| ǭ'''<span style="color:red">þ</span>s''' ||align="center"| ǭ'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>is''' ||align="center"| ǭ'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>a''' ||align="center"| ǭ'''<span style="color:red">þ</span>''' ||align="center"| ǭ'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>as''' ||align="center"| ǭ'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>a''' ||align="center"| ǭ'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>ma''' ||align="center"| ǭ'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>nas''' || ‘''fortune''’ | ||
|- | |- | ||
|colspan=8| <small>Same idea as above. For roots ending in ‹d›, it is devoiced to ‹þ› in the nominative and accusative singular (at a time before Gothic), indicated in red. ‹d› is spirantized (that is, becomes ‹ð›) in the rest of the endings, indicated in blue. (This was the case in Gothic as well, though the spirantization was not indicated in writing.) In the case of those roots ending in ‹þ›, the ‹þ› is voiced to ‹ð› in the same environment that ‹d› is spirantized, so as far as Gutish is concerned, these two paradigms are identical.</small> || | |colspan=8| <small>Same idea as above. For roots ending in ‹d›, it is devoiced to ‹þ› in the nominative and accusative singular (at a time before Gothic), indicated in red. ‹d› is spirantized (that is, becomes ‹ð›) in the rest of the endings, indicated in blue. (This was the case in Gothic as well, though the spirantization was not indicated in writing.) In the case of those roots ending in ‹þ›, the ‹þ› is voiced to ‹ð› in the same environment that ‹d› is spirantized, so as far as Gutish is concerned, these two paradigms are identical.</small> || | ||
|- | |||
|align="right" rowspan=2 valign="top"| '''n.st.m.a.Cfa ||align="center"| wul'''<span style="color:red">fs</span>''' ||align="center"| wul'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>is''' ||align="center"| wul'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>a''' ||align="center"| wul'''<span style="color:red">f</span>''' ||align="center"| wul'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>as''' ||align="center"| wul'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>a''' ||align="center"| wul'''<span style="color:blue">v</span><span style="color:red">am</span>''' ||align="center"| wul'''<span style="color:blue">v</span><span style="color:red">an</span>s''' || ‘''wolf''’ | |||
|- | |||
|colspan=8| ''f/v alternation after a consonant - no metathesis in dat & acc pl.'' || | |||
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|align="right" rowspan=2 valign="top"| '''n.st.m.a.Vza ||align="center"| gǣ'''<span style="color:red">s_</span>''' ||align="center"| gǣ'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>is''' ||align="center"| gǣ'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>a''' ||align="center"| gǣ'''<span style="color:red">s</span>''' ||align="center"| gǣ'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>as''' ||align="center"| gǣ'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>a''' ||align="center"| gǣ'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>ma ||align="center"| gǣ'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>nas''' || ‘''spear''’ | |align="right" rowspan=2 valign="top"| '''n.st.m.a.Vza ||align="center"| gǣ'''<span style="color:red">s_</span>''' ||align="center"| gǣ'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>is''' ||align="center"| gǣ'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>a''' ||align="center"| gǣ'''<span style="color:red">s</span>''' ||align="center"| gǣ'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>as''' ||align="center"| gǣ'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>a''' ||align="center"| gǣ'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>ma ||align="center"| gǣ'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>nas''' || ‘''spear''’ | ||
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|align="right" rowspan=2 valign="top"| '''n.st.m.a.Cza ||align="center"| am'''<span style="color:red">s_</span>''' ||align="center"| am'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>is''' ||align="center"| am'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>a''' ||align="center"| am'''<span style="color:red">s</span>''' ||align="center"| am'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>as''' ||align="center"| am'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>a''' ||align="center"| am'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span><span style="color:red">am</span> ||align="center"| am'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span><span style="color:red">ans</span>''' || ‘''shoulder''’ | |align="right" rowspan=2 valign="top"| '''n.st.m.a.Cza ||align="center"| am'''<span style="color:red">s_</span>''' ||align="center"| am'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>is''' ||align="center"| am'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>a''' ||align="center"| am'''<span style="color:red">s</span>''' ||align="center"| am'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>as''' ||align="center"| am'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>a''' ||align="center"| am'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span><span style="color:red">am</span> ||align="center"| am'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span><span style="color:red">ans</span>''' || ‘''shoulder''’ | ||
|- | |- | ||
|colspan=8| | |colspan=8| <small>This paradigm differs from the version above in that a consonant occurring before a voiced fricative (‹ž›) has the affect of blocking metathesis in the dative and accusative plural (in red).</small> || | ||
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|align="right" rowspan=2 valign="top"| '''n.st.m.a.Cda ||align="center"| bar'''<span style="color:red">ǧ</span>''' ||align="center"| bar'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>is''' ||align="center"| bar'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>a''' ||align="center"| bar'''<span style="color:red">d</span>''' ||align="center"| bar'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>as''' ||align="center"| bar'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>a''' ||align="center"| bar'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span><span style="color:red">am</span>''' ||align="center"| bar'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span><span style="color:red">an</span>s''' || ‘''beard''’ | |align="right" rowspan=2 valign="top"| '''n.st.m.a.Cda ||align="center"| bar'''<span style="color:red">ǧ</span>''' ||align="center"| bar'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>is''' ||align="center"| bar'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>a''' ||align="center"| bar'''<span style="color:red">d</span>''' ||align="center"| bar'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>as''' ||align="center"| bar'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>a''' ||align="center"| bar'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span><span style="color:red">am</span>''' ||align="center"| bar'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span><span style="color:red">an</span>s''' || ‘''beard''’ | ||